Causes of World War I

2. Causes of World War I • European countries were trying to get as many colonies as possible in Africa. • Nationalism. • Tension in Europe caused by the completing of military power. • The assassination of Archduke Fraz Ferdinand on 28 June 1914, the heir to the throne of Austria-Hungary by Serbian nationalist Gavrilo Princip. • A desire for independence from many people who lived in countries that were part of empires • The alliance systems.

3. Archduke Fraz Ferdinand GavriloPrincip

5. The Start of World War I • On 28th of july 1914, Austria-Hungary declared war against Serbia • Started off as local conflict. And then got bigger as allies of both sides declared war to one another. • Russia helped their ally, Serbia. • After 2 days, Germany declared war with Russia. After that Germany declared war with France (Russía’s Ally) • The next day, Great Britian (Russia’s ally) then declared war with Germany too.

7. United States during World War I and the reasons they got involved • U.S. President Woodrow Wilson claimed that the U.S. will remain neutral. • America had been involved in the war from the beginning by supplying the Allies with weapons and supplies. • A German U-boat sank the British liner Lusitania in 1915, with 128 Americans aboard. • U.S. President Woodrow Wilson demanded an end to attacks on passenger ship. • Followed by that, 7 U.S. merchant ships were sunk by the Germany submarine. • Zimmermann Telegram asked Mexico to declare war against U.S. • On 6th of April 1917, U.S. Congress declared war on Germany.

10. The End of World War I • Russia withdrawal from the war in 1917 after defeated by the Germans. • The arrival of American troops. • By 1918, there were strikes and demonstrations in Berlin and other cities protesting about the effects of war on population. • The British naval blockade of German ports • In October 1918 the German commander Erich Lundendorff resigned and the German navy mutinied. • Kaiser Wilhelm II abdicated on November 9th 1918. • On 11th November the leaders of both sides held a meeting in Ferdinand Foch’s railway carriage headquarters at Compiegne. • The armistice was signed at 6am and came into force 5 hours later.

11. This photograph was taken in the forest of Compiègne after reaching an agreement for the armistice that ended World War I. This railcar was given to Ferdinand Foch for military use by the manufacturer, Compagnie Internationale des Wagons-Lits. Foch is second from the right.

12. The Treaty of Versialles • In 1919, Lloyd George of England, Orlando of Italy, Clemenceau of France and Woodrow Wilson from the US met to discuss how Germany was to be made to pay for the damage world war one had caused. • At first, there were 14 points that was suggested by Wilson. • But in the end, there were 440 clauses in the final treaty that was resulted from the discussion of the “big four” (England, Italy, France and US).

13. The Treaty of Versialles • 14 points that were suggested by Wilson: • Open Diplomacy • Freedom of Navigation • Free Trade  • Multilateral Disarmament • Colonies • Russia • Belgium • France • Italy • National Self-Determination • Romania, Montenegro and Serbia • Turkey • Poland • League of Nations

14. Although Germany was not happy with the Treaty, they had little choice but to sign. This cartoon clearly shows the situation Germany was in.

15. The Treaty of Versialles • General clauses in the final treaty: • Establishment of League of Nations • Germany • War Guilt clauses – accept the blame for starting war • Financial clauses – reparations £6,600M • Military clauses – limited army to 100,000, 6 ships for navy, and no air force, no more army in Rhineland • Territorial clauses – Anschluss (cannot unite with Austria), land (returned to France, Belgium, Denmark, Czechoslovakia and Poland) & League of Nations took control of Germany’s colonies

16. The Treaty of Versialles • General clauses in the final treaty: (Cont’d) • Austria • Land – lost to Italy, Czechoslovakia and Serbia (Yugoslavia) • Army – limited to 30,000 • Anschluss (cannot unite with Germany) • Reparations (not set) • Hungary • Land – from 283,000 sq km to less than 93,000 sq km lost to Austria, Czechoslovakia, Romania and Serbia • Army – limited to 35,000 • Reparations (not set)

17. The Treaty of Versialles • General clauses in the final treaty: (Cont’d) • Bulgaria • Land – lost to Greece, Romania and Serbia • Army – limited • Reparations - £90 million • Turkey • Land – lost to Greece • League of Nations took control of Turkey’s colonies

18. What the U.S. gained from World War I • The cost of the war was so great that England consumed all of its credits and became heavily indebted to the United States. As a result of the war, the world's financial center shifted from England to the United States, from London to New York. • The United States emerged from the war as clearly the greatest power in the world as well as the creditor nation of the world. • United States became world leader.

19. Impacts of World War I • Nearly 10 million soldiers died and about 21 million were wounded. U.S. deaths totaled 116,516. • World War I killed 5 million civilians and cost $186 billion in direct costs and another $151 billion in indirect costs. • Four empires collapsed: the Russian Empire in 1917, the German and the Austro-Hungarian in 1918, and the Ottoman in 1922. • Independent republics were formed in Austria, Czechoslovakia, Estonia, Hungary, Latvia, Lithuania, and Turkey. • Kingdom of Serbs, Croats and Slovenes known as the Kingdom of Yugoslavia is formed.

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