Internal Male Organs

1. Internal Male Organs • Testes • Epididymis • Vas deferens • Seminal vesicle • Prostate • Bulbourethral gland

2. Testes Contained in the scrotum Enclosed by a tough, white fibrous capsule Seminiferous tubules • spermatogenic cells (give rise to sperm cells) • interstitial cells (produce and secrete male hormones)

3. Interstitial Cells • Support • Nourish • Regulate

4. Epididymis • Tightly coiled, ~ 6 cm in length • Contain maturing sperm cells • nonmotile while they are immature • Connected to ducts within the testes

5. Vas deferens • Muscular tube, ~ 45 cm in length • Lines the medial wall of the testis • Ends behind the urinary bladder • Unites with the seminal vesicle • forms the ejaculatory duct which passes through the prostate and joins the urethra

6. Prostate Gland • Chestnut shaped • Surrounds the urethra below the urinary bladder • Secretes an alkaline, thin, milky fluid • neutralizes acid from sperm and vagina • Enhances motility of sperm

7. Seminal Vesicle • Convoluted sac • Attached to vas deferens near the urinary bladder Secretes an alkaline fluid high in fructose and prostaglandins • feeds the sperm • prostaglandins aid in the movement of the sperm to the egg • Amino acids cause coagulation when it enters the vagina

8. Bulbourethral (Cowper’s) Glands • Below the prostate gland • Secrete a mucouslike fluid • Provides lubrication to the end of the penis prior to intercourse • Semen • fluid of male urethra conveys to outside during ejaculation

9. Spermatogenic Cells • Give rise to sperm cells through spermatogenesis • Maturation in the epididymis • Chromosomes in head of sperm • Acrosome • enzyme in head of sperm that helps it penetrate the egg

11. Spermatogenesis Spermatogonia • undifferentiated spermatogenic cells Primary Spermatocytes • divide to form 2 secondary spermatocytes Secondary spermatocytes • divide to form spermatids • spermatids mature into sperm cells

13. External Organs • Penis • Scrotum

14. Scrotum • Pouch of skin and subcutaneous tissue that hangs posterior to the penis • Divided by a septum • Each chamber contains a testis

15. Penis • Conveys urine & semen to the outside • Shaft composed of 3 layers of erectile tissue • Corpus spongiosum surrounds urethra • Corpus cavernosum • Glans penis • distal end; cone shaped • Prepuce • foreskin • circumcision

20. Erection • Network of vascular spaces within the erectile tissue • Arterial blood pressure • increases causing the veins to compress • blood accumulates causing swelling and elongation = erection

21. Orgasm Culmination of sexual stimulation • physiological and psychological Emission • movement of sperm cells from the testes to the urethra Ejaculation • movement of semen through the urethra to outside the body

22. Male Sex Hormones Androgens • male sex hormones Testosterone • Increased body hair growth • Enlargement of larynx and thickening of vocal cords • Thickening of the skin • Increased muscular growth • Thickening and strengthening of bones

23. Internal Female Organs • Ovaries • Fallopian tubes • Uterus • Cervix • Vagina

24. Ovaries • Produce and maintain egg cells • Located in a shallow depression on the lateral wall of the pelvic cavity • Medulla • Loose connective tissue & blood vessels • Cortex • contains ovarian follicles • Cuboidal epithelial cells cover the surface • Follicular cells • Surround oocyte • Produce estrogen

25. Uterine tubes • Fallopian tubes or oviducts • Fimbriae • fingerlike extensions that move egg into the tubes • Simple columnar cells • Cilia • Peristalsis • aid in transport of the egg • Site of fertilization

26. Uterus • Receives the egg • Sustains the egg during development • Medial; above vagina • Endometrium, myometrium, perimetrium • Endometriosus • Hysterectomy, birth control, ablasion • Round ligament • Anchors the uterus

27. Cervix Lower 1/3 of the uterus Top of vagina Cervical cancer • detection by a pap smear • cervical cancer death rate declined by 74% between 1955 and 1992 • The 5-year relative survival rate for the earliest stage of invasive cervical cancer is 92%

28. Vagina • Conveys uterine secretions • Receives the penis • Transports offspring during birth • Posterior to the bladder • Hymen • partially covers vagina opening • Mucosal layer, muscular layer, fibrous layer

29. Oogenesis • Process of egg cell formation • Primordial follicles • primary oocyte & follicular cells • Primary oocyte (46 chromosomes) • Divide unequally • Secondary oocyte; first polar body • Second polar bodies; ovum (not mature until after sperm penetration)

30. Ovulation • Releasing of cells from the follicle • Anterior pituitary gland • Luteinizing hormone triggers ovulation • Corpeus luteum • From ruptured follicle • Produces progesterone

31. Egg enters peritoneal space • Fallopian tube (uterine tubes) • Fimbriae guide egg into tube • carries egg to uterus

32. External Reproductive Organs Labia majora (like scrotum) • enclose and protect Labia minora • forms margins of vestibule; protect openings of urethra and vagina Clitoris • many sensory nerve endings • erectile tissue like penis

33. External Reproductive Organs Vestibule • space between labia minora; includes vaginal and urethral openings Mammary glands • secrete milk • nipple • areola • 15-20 areolar ducts

38. Erection, Lubrication, Orgasm Erection • clitoris Lubrication • mucus secretion from vestibular glands Orgasm • culmination of stimulation • Helps move sperm through canal

39. Female Sex Hormones Estrogen • Follicular cells of the ovaries • enlargement of rep. Organs • breast development • duct development • deposition of adipose in the breasts, thighs, and buttocks • increase vascularization of the skin • Repairs endometrium after menstruation • Form glands in the endometrium

40. Female Sex Hormones Progesterone • produced by corpus luteum • promotes changes in the uterus • causes endometrium to glands to secrete nutrients in anticipation of implantation • keeps myometrium in an inactive state after implantation • effects mammary glands • inhibits FSH release

41. Female Sex Hormones Luteinizing Hormone (LH) • Released when levels of estrogen increase • Triggers ovulation • Converts ruptured follicle into corpus luteum • Triggers corpus luteum to produce progesterone and estrogen

42. Female Sex Hormones Follicle Stimulating Hormone (FSH) • Stimulates follicle maturation • Stimulates production of more estrogen • If implantation occurs  higher levels of estrogen and progesterone inhibit its release

43. Menstrual Cycle • Menarche • first menstrual cycle • Menses • bleeding • Ovarian activity • Follicular phase • Ovulation • Luteal phase • Corpus albicans

44. Menstrual Cycle Uterine activity • Menstruation (1-4) • Low hormone levels • Proliferative phase (5-14) • Uterine lining rebuilding • Estrogen rising • Secretory phase (15-28) • Uterus getting ready for implantation • High levels of estrogen and progesterone

45. Events of the Menstrual Cycle • If fertilization – estrogen and progesterone inhibit FSH from being released by anterior pituitary • No fertilization – • corpus luteum degenerates • estrogen and progesterone levels drop • blood vessels in uterus constrict • uterine lining disintegrates and sloughs away (menstrual flow) • No more inhibition so… • FSH and LH secreted and cycle begins again

46. Birth Control Coitus interruptus • withdrawal Rhythm method • timed coitus Condom • thin, latex sheath Diaphragm • covers the cervix Chemical barriers • creams, foams, jellies

47. Birth Control - Prescription • Morning After Pill • Oral contraception • Patch, shots, etc. • Nuva ring • Contraceptive implants • progesterone capsules or rods • IUD • solid objects with exposed copper • mirena

48. Birth Control - Sterilization Vasectomy • section vas deferens removed Tubal ligation • uterine tubes are cut and tied

49. Birth Control

50. Disorders Testicular Cancer • enlarged testes; scrotum seems attached to testes Cervical Cancer • pap smear detection