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Cells and Tissues

Cells and Tissues. Chapter 3 Visualizing A & P. Plasma Membrane. Transport Interactions Animations. Transport Across the Plasma Membrane. You must be connected to the internet to run this animation. Pumps. Hydrolysis= Brk apart molecules w/ H2O. Use energy from ATP hydrolysis

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Cells and Tissues

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  1. Cells and Tissues Chapter 3 Visualizing A & P

  2. Plasma Membrane

  3. TransportInteractions Animations • Transport Across the Plasma Membrane You must be connected to the internet to run this animation.

  4. Pumps Hydrolysis= Brk apart molecules w/ H2O • Use energy from ATP hydrolysis • Sodium-potassium pump

  5. Parts of a Cell

  6. Ribosomes • Made from RNA and proteins in nucleolus of cell nucleus • Locations in cell • Associated with the rough endoplasmic reticulum • In mitochondria • Free floating in cytosol • Function: protein manufacturing

  7. Ribosomes

  8. Proteins • Made of long chains of subunits called amino acids • 20 different kinds of amino acids that humans use • Typical protein has ~100 amino acids linked in chains Chemical properties for a specific protein depend on its structure

  9. Protein – 3 Dimensional Structure • The actual sequence of amino acids in a protein is called = primary sequence • The coiling and bending determine the proteins = secondary structure • In most proteins, entire chain folds into a compact mass called= tertiary structure • When two or more folded proteins combine to form clusters, the mix of proteins form a = quaternary structure

  10. Protein -3 Dimensional Structure • Ex. Structure of the Protein Insulin exists in 4 Levels

  11. Protein Function: • Structural role in organisms • Cartilage and tendons made of protein called collagen • Matrix of our skin and bones made of protein • Protein called keratin forms horns on rhinos, feathers on birds, and hair on humans • Acts as an enzyme • Enzymes -increase rate a chm rxn occurs • Most chm rxns nessessary for growth, movement, and other body activities would not take place without enzymes

  12. Proteins made in Complex Process • Like building a house… • Need set of plans –architectural firm • Plan transcribed into blueprints which are taken to home site • Workers bring materials according to blueprints • Essentially translating information in blueprint into final product

  13. Protein Synthesis • Transcription (Nucleus) • Instructions for creating protein conveyed from DNA to messenger RNA (mRNA) • Translation (Ribosomes) • mRNA carries instructions to ribosomes, and with the help of transfer RNA (tRNA), the appropriate amino acids bind together in a specific sequence to create a protein

  14. Transcription • Preparing for transcription • In the nucleus, DNA encodes instructions for protein synthesis • Nucleotides in DNA sequence specifies which amino acids in which order will be in the protein

  15. Transcription • Transcription • Codon = 3 nucleotides ‘codes’ for an amino acid • DNA cannot leave the nucleus, therefore mRNA is then made as a copy of the DNA in the nucleus = transcription • RNA polymerase bind to DNA at the promoter region • RNA polymerase moves along DNA strand, making a copy, as mRNA nucleotides pair with complimentary DNA nucleotides • At the terminator region, RNA polymerase stops, falls off the DNA, and releases the mRNA that was made • The mRNA has a nucleotide sequence that is complimentary to the DNA sequence, and has ‘transcribed’ instructions for the amino acid order to make the specific protein • The mRNA leaves through nuclear pores and goes to the ER

  16. Transcription

  17. Translation • Preparing for translation • Ribosomes attach to the mRNA at the start sequence (AUG) and move along mRNA strand • tRNA bound to specific amino acids enter the ribosome • Anticodons on tRNA are complimentary to the codon on the mRNA

  18. Translation Dehydration Synthesis –removing a H2O molecule to join atoms together and make a molecule • Translation • Anticodons of the tRNA pair up with appropriate mRNA codons • Peptide bond formation occurs through dehydration synthesis between amino acids in the ribosome • Empty tRNA leaves and process repeats until the protein is made • Ribosome reaches a stop codon in mRNA (UGA, UAG, UAA) • Ribosome breaks apart and releases the synthesized protein

  19. Translation Covalent Chemical Bond formed between two molecules when carboxyl group (COOH) of 1 molecule rxts with amino grp (NH2) of other molecule causing release of H2O (Dehydration Synth)

  20. Protein SynthesisInteractions Animation • Protein Synthesis You must be connected to the internet to run this animation.

  21. Cell Cycle • Interphase • G1 = growth phase • Protein synthesis • S = DNA replication • G2 = another growth phase • Protein synthesis • Mitosis • Prophase • Metaphase • Anaphase • Telophase

  22. Cell Division • Mitosis • Somatic cell division; diploid cells (23 pairs of chromosomes = 46 chromosomes) • Meiosis • Gamete cell division; haploid cells (23 unpaired chromosomes)

  23. Mitosis

  24. Mitosis

  25. Mitosis

  26. Mitosis

  27. Mitosis

  28. Mitosis

  29. Meiosis

  30. Mitosis vs. Meiosis

  31. Cell DivisionInteractions Animation • The Cell Cycle and Division Processes You must be connected to the internet to run this animation.

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