KEY CONCEPT Kingdom Protista is the most diverse of all the kingdoms.

1. KEY CONCEPT Kingdom Protista is the most diverse of all the kingdoms.

2. Protists are eukaryotes that are not animals, plants, or fungi. Protists can be animal-like, plantlike, or funguslike.

3. Animal-like protists consume other organisms. • heterotrophs • single-celled

4. Plantlike protists are photosynthetic. • single-celled, colonial, or multicellular • no roots, stems, or leaves

5. Funguslike protists decompose dead organisms. • heterotrophs • can move, whereas fungi cannot

6. Protists are difficult to classify. • Protista is one kingdom in the domain Eukarya.

7. Protist classification will likely change. • Some protists are not closely related. • Molecular evidence supports reclassification.

8. KEY CONCEPTAnimal-like protists are single-celled heterotrophs that can move.

9. macronucleus contractile vacuole food vacuole oral groove micronucleus cilia Animal-like protists move in various ways. • Animal-like protists are often called protozoa.

10. Protozoa with flagella are zooflagellates. • flagella help zooflagellates swim • more than 2000 zooflagellates

11. Some protists move with pseudopods. • change shape as they move • amoebas

12. Some protists move with pseudopods. • change shape as they move • amoebas • foraminifera

13. Some protozoa move with cilia. macronucleus contractile vacuole food vacuole oral groove micronucleus cilia • cilia help protists swim and capture food • more than 8000 ciliates

14. Protists cause some well-known infectious diseases. human liver sporozoites liver cells developed parasites red blood cells Some animal-like protists cause disease. • Malaria is caused by Plasmodium and spread by mosquitoes. • Sleeping sickness is caused by Trypanosoma and spread by flies. • A giardia infection is caused by Giardia and spread through water. Malaria Infection

15. KEY CONCEPTAlgae are plantlike protists.

16. colony daughter colony Plantlike protists can be single-celled or multicellular. • Photosynthetic plantlike protists are called algae.

17. pellicle contractile vacuole nucleus flagellum chloroplast eye spot • mostly photosynthetic • some heterotrophic • single-celled • one or two flagella • Euglenoids are a large group of plantlike protists.

18. have two flagella • may be bioluminescent • have stiff protective plates • can cause red tide • Dinoflagellates are mostly marine plantlike protists. Dinoflagellates

19. Diatoms are plantlike protists with glasslike shells. • shells made of silica • produce large amounts of oxygen

20. Green algae contain chlorophyll a and b. • Brown algae contain chlorophyll c. • Multicellular algae are classified by their pigments. • Red algae contain chlorophyll a and phycoerythrin.

21. Many plantlike protists can reproduce both sexually and asexually. • All algae can reproduce asexually. • Multicellular algae can fragment. • Chlamydomonas divides into zoospores.

22. Some species alternate generations. • Some algae produce sexually. • Sexual reproduction can be triggered by environmental stress.

23. KEY CONCEPTFunguslike protists decompose organic matter.

24. Slime molds and water molds are funguslike protists. • Slime molds have both funguslike and animallike traits. • decomposers, like fungi • can move, like animals

25. Slime molds can be plasmodial or cellular. • Plasmodial slime molds are giant cells with many nuclei. • Cellular slime molds contain independent cells.

26. Water molds are freshwater, funguslike protists. • one type of water mold caused Great Potato Famine of Ireland in the 1800’s • made of branching strands of cells • can be parasites of plants or fish

27. KEY CONCEPTFungi are heterotrophs that absorb their food.

28. Fungi are adapted to absorb their food from the environment. • Plants and fungi have different traits. • Fungal cell walls are made of chitin. • Plant cell walls are made of cellulose. • Plants have chlorophyll and photosynthesize. • Fungi absorb food through hyphae.

29. Fungi are multicellular organisms, with the exception of yeasts. • hyphae • mycellium • fruiting body

30. Fungi come in many shapes and sizes. • Primitive fungi are aquatic and have flagellated spores. • Sac fungi form a reproductive sac, or ascus. • Yeasts are single-celled sac fungi. • Morels and truffles are multicellular sac fungi.

31. form zygospores during reproduction • mycorrhizae belong to this group • Bread molds are often found on spoiled food.

32. reproductive structures called basidia • include mushrooms, puffballs, and shelf fungi • Club fungi have fruiting bodies which are club-shaped.

33. Fungi reproduce sexually and asexually. • Most fungi reproduce both sexually and asexually. • Yeasts reproduce asexually through budding. • Yeasts form asci during sexual reproduction.

34. Multicellular fungi have complex reproductive cycles. • distinctive reproductive structures

35. life cycles may include either sexual or asexual reproduction or both • Multicellular fungi have complex reproductive cycles.

36. life cycles may include either sexual or asexual reproduction or both • Multicellular fungi have complex reproductive cycles.

37. All fungi form spores and zygotes.

38. KEY CONCEPTFungi recycle nutrients in the environment.

39. Fungi may be decomposers, pathogens, or mutualists. • Fungi and bacteria are the main decomposers in any ecosystem. • decompose dead leaves, twigs, logs, and animals • return nutrients to the soil • can damage fruit trees and wooden structures

40. human diseases include ringworm and athlete’s foot • plant diseases include Dutch elm disease • Fungi can act as pathogens.

41. lichens form between fungi and algae • mycorrhizae form between fungi and plants • Fungi can act as mutualists.

42. Fungi can act as mutualists. • relationships form between fungi and some insects

43. Fungi are studied for many purposes. • Fungi are useful in several ways. • as food • as antibiotics • as model systems for molecular biology