Parts of Speech

1. Parts of Speech

2. Nouns Person: boy, teacher, Josh, doctor Place: Miami, city, countryside Thing: house, tree, horse, bicycle, ice cream Idea: democracy, truth, illusion, fantasy Quality: beauty, caring, hatred, boredom

3. When to Capitalize Nouns • Names of specific people: • Mrs. Houck • Days of week, months, and holidays, but not seasons • Ranks and titles when used with a person’s name: • Doctor Smith or doctor • Specific geographic areas: • New York City or city • Names of specific schools, businesses, organizations: • Daniel Boone High School or high school

4. When to Capitalize Nouns • Regions of the US: • Midwest or north side of town • Historical periods: • World War II or war • Religions, nationalities, languages, and races • Specific school subjects, not general subjects: • Algebra 101 or math • Letters that stand alone: • T-shirt, X-ray

5. Making Nouns Possessive • Usually add an apostrophe s: • Mrs. Houck - Mrs. Houck’s classroom • The Williams -The Williams’ house • If two people own the same thing, only the second gets apostrophe s: • Arnold and Helga’s baseball • If two people don’t own the same thing, use an apostrophe s for both: • Arnold’s and Helga’s toes

6. Making Nouns Plural • Usually add s: • House - Houses • If the words ends in o, usually add es: • Hero -Heroes • If the word ends in s, x, z, ch, or sh, add es: • Box -Boxes • If the word ends in y, and there’s a vowel before the y, add s • Play -Plays

7. Making Nouns Plural • If the word ends in y, and there’s a consonant before the y, changes the y to i and add es • Party -Parties • If a compound noun has a main noun in it, add the s to the main noun • Father-in-law -Fathers-in-law • If the compound noun has no main noun, add the s to the end • Follow-up -Follow-ups

8. Pronouns • A word that stands for or takes the place of a noun. • Antecedent: the noun that the pronoun takes the place for. • Mrs. Houck and her student edited the paper. • Mrs. Houck=Antecedent Her=Pronoun • *Always try to keep the pronoun as close as possible to its antecedent*

9. Pronoun Cases • Subjective: the doer of the action. • I sing • Objective: the receiver of the action. • Sing to me • Possessive: shows ownership. • My song

10. Forms of Pronouns • Reflexive and Intensive: • Reflexive: reflects action back upon the subject and adds information to the sentence. • Donna prepared herself for a long day. • Intensive: adds emphasis to a noun or pronoun. • The wait itself would take hours. • Demonstrative: • Indicate whether the things you are pointing out are relatively near in time or space or farther away. • This, these, that, and those.

11. Forms of Pronouns • Indefinite: • Does not refer to a specific person, place, or thing. • Singular: another, anybody, anything, each, either, everybody, everyone, everything, much, neither, nobody, no one, nothing, one, somebody, someone, or something. • Plural: both, few, many, several. • Singular or plural: all, any, more, most, none, some. • Interrogative and Relative: • Interrogative: used to ask a question. • Who, whom, whose, which, what. • What is your favorite song? • Relative: used to introduce subordinate clauses. • Who, whom, whose, which, that. • The seats that the students asked for were unavailable.

12. Verbs • A word that shows action or state of being. • Verb Tenses • Present: I ace tests, but not often enough. • Past: I aced the test yesterday. • Future: I will eat pizza later today. • Present Perfect: I have eaten pizza many times. • Past Perfect: I had eaten pizza just before you arrived. • Future Perfect: I will have eaten pizza at least a million times by the year 2020.

13. Types of Verbs • Action Verbs: • Expresses action • The band marches onto the field. (physical) • The audience expects a great performance. (emotional) • Linking Verbs: • Links the subject of a sentence to a word in the predicate. • Forms of to be: The instruments are safe in the bus. • Verbs that express condition: The students seemed bored during the long trip • Look, smell, feel, sound, taste, grow, appear, become, seem, remain. • Auxiliary verbs: • Are combined with verbs to form verb phrases. • The stadium is filled to the capacity.

14. Infinitives • An infinitive is a verb with the word to in front of it. • Never split infinitives, ie put words in between the word to and the verb. • It is usually better to not split infinitives. • It is usually better not to split infinitives.

15. Active or Passive Voice • Passive voice should be avoided in formal writing • Passive: The ball was hit. • Active: Samantha hit the ball. • Passive: My nose was punched by you. • Active: You punched me in the nose.

16. Gerunds • When you put –ing on the end of the verb, it can be turned into a noun or gerund. • I run. -Run=verb • Running is fun. -Running=gerund

17. Adjectives and Adverbs • A word that describes a noun or a pronoun. • Which one this or that • What kind red, large, sick, cloudy, petite • How many six, many, several • A word that describes a verb, an adjective, or another adverb. • Where there, here, away • When now, then, later, immediately • How quickly, stupidly, gracefully • How often frequently, never, once, sometimes • How much hardly, extremely, greatly, too

18. Adjectives and Adverbs • Positive: small or beautiful • Comparative: smaller or more beautiful • Superlative: smallest or most beautiful • Rule of thumb: most short adjectives/adverbs get –er or –est, and most long adjectives/adverbs get more or most.

19. Conjunctions • A word that joins words or groups of words. • Coordinating Conjunctions: Connect words or groups of words of equal importance. • And, but, for, nor, or, so, yet, etc • Correlative Conjunctions: conjunctions used in pairs. • Either-or, neither-nor, not only-but also, both-and • Subordinating Conjunctions: introduce subordinate clauses and join them so independent clauses. • The band waited while the director checked the lighting.

20. Prepositions • A word that shows how a noun or pronoun relates to another part of the sentence. • In, on, of, by, for, with etc. • Rule of thumb: don’t end a sentence in a preposition. • Ends in preposition: I’m the one she’s sitting next to. • Doesn’t end in preposition: She is sitting next to me.

21. Interjections • Word or phrase used to express emotion. • Wow, gee, hey, ouch, aha, boy, imagine, and unbelievable. • A strong interjection is followed by an exclamation point. • Yikes! Our project is due tomorrow. • A mild interjection is followed by a comma. • Well, where should we start.