Thinking About Psychology: The Science of Mind and Behavior 2e

1. Thinking About Psychology: The Science of Mind and Behavior 2e Charles T. Blair-Broeker Randal M. Ernst

2. Variations in Individual and Group Behavior Domain

3. Therapy Chapter

4. Biomedical Therapies Module 33

5. Biomedical Therapies • Treatment of psychological disorders that involve changing the brain’s functioning by using prescribed drugs, electroconvulsive therapy, or surgery

6. Drug Therapies Module 33: Biomedical Therapies

7. Pre-Drug Therapy • Prior to the discovery of psychological drugs, hospitals had few options with which to treat patients • Most early treatment techniques are today considered archaic and sometimes cruel

8. Early Treatment of Mental Disorders • Insert “Early Treatment of Mental Disorders” Video #36 from Worth’s Digital Media Archive for Psychology. • Instructions for importing the video file can be found in the ‘Readme’ file on the CD-ROM.

9. Post-Drug Therapy • With the discovery of effective drug treatments, patients were able to leave the institutions (deinstitutionalization).

10. Deinstitutionalization • Release of patients from mental hospitals into the community • The development of drug therapies led to an 80% decline in the number of hospitalized mental patients from 1950 to 2000. • Many of the former patients became part of the homeless population.

11. Drug Therapy

12. Deinstitutionalization

13. Drug Therapies: Antipsychotic Drugs Module 33: Biomedical Therapies

14. Antipsychotic Drugs • Category of medications used primarily to treat schizophrenia • Reduces the levels of hallucinations and delusions and distorted thinking • Drugs work by blocking the activity of dopamine

15. Thorazine • One of the first antipsychotic drugs • Side effects include: dry mouth, blurred vision, constipation, and tardive dyskinesia • Tardive dyskinesia – a permanent condition of muscle tremors

16. Clozaril • Clozaril: less side effects than thorazine but can cause damage to white blood cells therefore patients need to be tested • Is very expensive.

17. Schizophrenia Drug Therapy • Insert “Schizophrenia” Video #34 from Worth’s Digital Media Archive for Psychology. • Instructions for importing the video file can be found in the ‘Readme’ file on the CD-ROM.

18. Schizophrenia Drug Therapy • Play “Schizophrenia: Pharmacological Treatment” (6:33) Module #28 from The Brain: Teaching Modules (2nd edition).

19. Drug Therapies: Antianxiety Drugs Module 33: Biomedical Therapies

20. Antianxiety Drugs • Category of medication used to treat people undergoing significant stress • Used with anxiety disorders • Work by boosting levels of the neurotransmitter GABA • Can produce dependency • Include: Valium, Librium, and Xanax • Can cause death if mixed with alcohol

21. Drug Therapies: Antidepressant Drugs Module 33: Biomedical Therapies

22. Antidepressant Drugs • Category of medications used primarily used to boost serotonin levels in the brain • Used primarily to treat major depression • Many take about a month before they become fully effective

23. Selective Serotonin Reuptake Inhibitors • Classification of antidepressants which work by blocking the reuptake of serotonin after it has been released • Includes: Prozac, Zolof, and Paxil

24. Prozac and the Brain

25. Prozac and the Brain

26. Prozac and the Brain

27. Antidepressants • Play “Mood Disorders: Medication and Talk Therapy” (12:29) Segment #33 from The Mind: Psychology Teaching Modules (2nd edition).

28. Lithium • Medication used primarily to treat bipolar disorder • Not known how or why lithium works but a large number of bipolar patients report improvement with the drug

29. Electroconvulsive Therapy Module 33: Biomedical Therapies

30. Insulin Therapy • Depressed patients are given an overdose of insulin to cause a convulsion. • Difficulties in determining the proper dosage of insulin led to a decline in use of this therapy. • Was replaced by Electroconvulsive Therapy (ECT)

31. Electroconvulsive Therapy (ECT) • A therapy for major depression in which a brief electrical current is sent through the brain of an anesthetized patient • The current causes a convulsion. • Was preceded by insulin therapy. • Sometimes called “shock therapy.”

32. ECT Facts • Used when antidepressants fail • Most (80%) patients report improvement • Side effect is memory loss • How and why the process works is unknown

33. ECT

34. Electroconvulsive Therapy • Insert “Electroconvulsive Therapy” Video #37 from Worth’s Digital Media Archive for Psychology. • Instructions for importing the video file can be found in the ‘Readme’ file on the CD-ROM. • This segment is also included in The Mind series clip.

35. ECT • Play “Treating Depression: Electroconvulsive Therapy (ECT)” (5:45) Segment #34 from The Mind: Psychology Teaching Modules (2nd edition). • Parts of this video clip are in the Worth Digital Media Archive CD-ROM.

36. Psychosurgery Module 33: Biomedical Therapies

37. Lobotomy • A form of psychosurgery where the nerves connecting the frontal lobes of the brain to the deeper emotional centers are cut • Used to try to calm uncontrollably emotional or violent patients • Regularly done before the advent of antipsychotic drugs • Rarely used today

38. Lobotomy

39. The End

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