Post Classical Civilizations:

1. Post Classical Civilizations: The Caliphates

2. The Caliphates • Umayyad Dynasty • 661-750 • Founded by Mu’awiyah • Battle of Tours • Built powerful state • Sunni/Shiite split

3. The Caliphates • Abbasid Dynasty • Founded by Harun al-Rashid • Equality among all Muslims • Urban civilization • Baghdad- captured by Seljuk Turks in the 11th century.

4. Golden Age of Muslim Culture • In 1095, Muslims began fighting a war with Christians over control of the Holy Land, known as the Crusades.

5. Arab Cultural Achievements • Mathematics—geometry, algebra, numbers • Arts and Crafts—geometric designs, flowers, and stars. • Medicine— IbnSina discovered that blood moves to and from the heart.

6. Arab Cultural Achievements • Literature- IbnRushd, House of Wisdom (library) • Architecture—Muslim rulers built beautiful palaces and mosques

7. The ottomans • 1453, captured Constantinople and renamed it Istanbul • Empire was located between Europe and Asia • Suleiman the Magnificent ruled the Ottoman Empire during its height

8. The ottomans • Sultan (ruler) governed as an absolute ruler • Army was made up of Janissaries- soldiers recruited at childhood

9. The safavids • Islamic empire in Persia • Opposed to Ottomans • Shi’ite Muslims • Ruler was known as a shahs • Known for beautiful palace carpets

10. The Mughals • Empire founded by Babur • Used guns to control their empire (Gunpowder Empire) • Akbar the Great- most famous ruler • Promoted religious tolerance • Encouraged learning, painting, music, and literature • ShaJahan- built the TajMahal

11. sikhism • Religion that combines elements of Hinduism and Islam • Belief in 1 god • God can be known through meditation • Equality before god • Eat little, sleep little, talk little