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The Rise and Influence of the Caliphates in Post-Classical Civilizations

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The Caliphates, beginning with the Umayyad Dynasty (661-750) founded by Mu’awiya, established a powerful Islamic state marked by significant cultural achievements and political changes. The split between Sunni and Shiite Muslims characterized this era. The Abbasid Dynasty, founded by Harun al-Rashid, promoted urban civilization and equality among Muslims. This period also saw cultural flourishing in mathematics, medicine, literature, and architecture, alongside military campaigns such as the Crusades and the rise of empires like the Ottomans, Safavids, and Mughals, each contributing richly to Islamic heritage.

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The Rise and Influence of the Caliphates in Post-Classical Civilizations

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  1. Post Classical Civilizations: The Caliphates

  2. The Caliphates • Umayyad Dynasty • 661-750 • Founded by Mu’awiyah • Battle of Tours • Built powerful state • Sunni/Shiite split

  3. The Caliphates • Abbasid Dynasty • Founded by Harun al-Rashid • Equality among all Muslims • Urban civilization • Baghdad- captured by Seljuk Turks in the 11th century.

  4. Golden Age of Muslim Culture • In 1095, Muslims began fighting a war with Christians over control of the Holy Land, known as the Crusades.

  5. Arab Cultural Achievements • Mathematics—geometry, algebra, numbers • Arts and Crafts—geometric designs, flowers, and stars. • Medicine— IbnSina discovered that blood moves to and from the heart.

  6. Arab Cultural Achievements • Literature- IbnRushd, House of Wisdom (library) • Architecture—Muslim rulers built beautiful palaces and mosques

  7. The ottomans • 1453, captured Constantinople and renamed it Istanbul • Empire was located between Europe and Asia • Suleiman the Magnificent ruled the Ottoman Empire during its height

  8. The ottomans • Sultan (ruler) governed as an absolute ruler • Army was made up of Janissaries- soldiers recruited at childhood

  9. The safavids • Islamic empire in Persia • Opposed to Ottomans • Shi’ite Muslims • Ruler was known as a shahs • Known for beautiful palace carpets

  10. The Mughals • Empire founded by Babur • Used guns to control their empire (Gunpowder Empire) • Akbar the Great- most famous ruler • Promoted religious tolerance • Encouraged learning, painting, music, and literature • ShaJahan- built the TajMahal

  11. sikhism • Religion that combines elements of Hinduism and Islam • Belief in 1 god • God can be known through meditation • Equality before god • Eat little, sleep little, talk little

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