YOU WILL HAVE A QUIZ. YOU WILL BE ASKED QUESTIONS ONLY FROM LECTURES ON: 1. CLIMATE CHANGE

1. YOU WILL HAVE A QUIZ. YOU WILL BE ASKED QUESTIONS ONLY FROM LECTURES ON: 1. CLIMATE CHANGE 2. OZONE DEPLETION 3. AIR POLLUTION AGAIN, YOU ARE ONLY GOING TO BE ASKED QUESTIONS FROM THESE LECTURES

2. A kind reminder on distractions such as phone use, noise (see syllabus). Please allow fellow students to focus. E.G. please always turn off your cell phone or put it on vibrate mode for class Dr. William James Smith, Jr. Assistant Professor of Environmental Studies, UNLV Adjunct Assistant Professor in Geography, The University of Iowa

3. Blue text represents terms or concepts you should pay special attention to for testing Renewable energy: Solar and Wind

4. Our plan • Basic understanding of principles and geography of renewables • Solar and wind focus • High tech battery charger and low tech “solar cook-it”

5. UNLV InformationSent by: Auto Mail 02/09/2006 03:10 PM Please respond to marlis brown To: UNLV Information/UNLV@UNLV Bill Smith/UNLV Subject: UNLV ENERGY AND THE ENVIRONMENT - FACTS NOT FICTION UNLV spends over $7 Million annually for electricity.ll of us can help ensure that this expense is wisely used. The following are only two examples everyone on campus can do to help reduce this major expense.1. Turn off lights and equipment.2. Assure the power saving options are fully activated on computers, copiers, office machines, etc..More tips see our web site. http://www.unlv.edu/facilities/energy/. Thank you for supporting and exercising energy efficiency at UNLV.

6. CNN recycling clip We are not doing a full presentation on recycling. But, before we go on to more ways to CONTINUE energy production we need to acknowledge that conservation and recycling can reduce the need for energy production in the first place http://www.earth911.org/master.asp

7. But production of energy is necessary at this point, and thus, we explore “alternative” or “soft-technology” approaches

8. What are “renewable resources?” and at what scales do they operate Energy sources which are continuously replenished by natural processes: SOME (mainstream) kinds of renewable energy listed here, but improved efficiency / conservation is always key! -Wind (measured in watts per square meter) -Solar or Photovoltaics AKA PV (devices that convert sunlight directly into electricity using semiconductor materials. Most commonly found on a fixed or movable panel (see my battery charger).

9. -Biomass (the process of converting forestry and agricultural crops, crop producing wastes and residues, animal manures, and landfill methane gas into electricity or thermal energy in processing plants) -Geothermal (heat, in the form of hot water, steam, or rocks, near the surface of the Earth’s crust used for direct heating or cooling, or for electricity generation / powering turbines). http://images.google.com/images?q=iceland+geothermal&hl=en&btnG=Search+Images http://www.eere.energy.gov/geothermal/egs_animation.html

10. -Related issue “Distributed generation” (small power plants sited at many locations, which can be used to reduce burden on a transmission system by generating electricity close to areas of customer need, thereby reducing the need for transmitting electricity during peak times. -Cogeneration (production of two useful forms of energy, e.g. high temp. heat or steam and electricity, from same fuel source (*Solar cookers reflect sunlight and capture heat to cook food without regular fuel)

11. Renewables have varying, but important potential all over the world -- see geothermal potential below

12. Potential in parts of the U.S. for renewable energy (Western U.S. energy atlas on-line pp. 8 & 10-13 & 18-19 ) Home power magazine (free PDFs / buy subscription) and solar today etc. Selling back to the grid is important as a policy WE STOP HERE -- CONTINUE WITH PAGE ON COMP OF STATE ENERGY CONSUMPTION AND RENEWABLE POTENTIAL PAGE 12 THEN DO 19-22 AND 24

13. How does solar energy work? Animation use quicktime player not win amp to open PV Big

14. Passive solar -- a building example: No mechanical means are employed in passive solar heating. E.G. buildings designed for passive solar and daylighting incorporate design features such as large south-facing windows and building materials that absorb and slowly release the sun's heat. Incorporating passive solar designs can reduce heating bills as much as 50 percent. Passive solar designs can also include natural ventilation for cooling. Windows are an important aspect of passive solar design. For more for your home and elsewhere see homepower magazine on-line and http://www.eere.energy.gov/RE/solar_passive.html

15. Active solar -- a heating example: Mechanical and advanced engineering means are employed in. There are two basic types of active solar heating systems based on the type of fluid—either liquid or air—that is heated in the solar energy collectors. (The collector is the device in which a fluid is heated by the sun.) Liquid-based systems heat water or an antifreeze solution in a "hydronic" collector, whereas air-based systems heat air in an "air collector."

16. Active solar continued Both of these systems collect and absorb solar radiation, then transfer the solar heat directly to the interior space or to a storage system, from which the heat is distributed. If the system cannot provide adequate space heating, an auxiliary or back-up system provides the additional heat. Liquid systems are more often used when storage is included, and are well suited for radiant heating systems, boilers with hot water radiators, and even absorption heat pumps and coolers. Both air and liquid systems can supplement forced air systems. For more see homepower magazine on-line and http://www.eere.energy.gov/RE/solar_passive.html Active solar for your home and elsewhere see homepower magazine on-line and http://www.eere.energy.gov/consumer/your_home/space_heating_cooling/index.cfm/mytopic=12490

17. Advantages Disadvantages Fairly high net energy Work on cloudy days Quick installation Easily expanded or moved No CO2 emissions Low environmental impact Last 20–40 years Low land use (if on roof) Need access to sun Sun access can be blocked Low efficiency Need electricity storage system or backup High land use (solar cell power plants) could disrupt desert areas High costs (but should be competitive in 5–15 years) DC current must be converted to AC Like wind

23. Dear Dr. Smith,Mark Schaffer, an Environmental Studies Alumni member just called with a unique tour opportunity called the Southern Nevada Solar Home Tour on 10/1. This might be a good opportunity to share with students looking for a potential project or outside class experience.Information about the tour appears at:http://www.solarnv.org/

25. How does wind energy work? http://search.nrel.gov/query.html?qp=site%3Awww.eere.energy.gov+site%3Awww.oit.doe.gov+site%3Awww.rebuild.org+site%3Awww.energycodes.gov+site%3Awww.fueleconomy.gov+site%3Awww.futuretruck.org+site%3Aev.inel.gov+site%3Awww.bioproducts-bioenergy.gov+site%3Awww.energysavers.gov&style=eere&qs=&qc=eren&ws=0&qm=0&st=1&nh=10&lk=1&rf=0&oq=&col=eren&qt=animations&x=0&y=0 Animation at: http://www.eere.energy.gov/consumer/your_home/electricity/index.cfm/mytopic=10501 http://www.eere.energy.gov/windandhydro/wind_how.html http://www.eere.energy.gov/windandhydro/wind_potential.html http://www.eere.energy.gov/windandhydro/wind_consumer_faqs.html http://www.awea.org/ not downloaded to hard drive

28. http://www.fueleconomy.gov/feg/animfuelcell.htm

29. SMALL ISLANDS VOICE As global oil prices rose in 2005, this forum ran a discussion about the use of alternative fuels in small islands. You responded with many different examples of how islands were beginning to substitute biofuel (fuel produced from organic matter such as plants) for oil to run cars, trucks and electricity generating plants. Examples ranged from coconut oil in Vanuatu to bagasse (waste material from sugar production) in Fiji. In case you missed this discussion, all the messages can be seen at http://www.unesco.org/csi/smis/siv/Forum/coconut-comp.htm. In the year since this discussion, innovative entrepreneurs in small islands around the world are investigating and trying out alternative energy sources. For example, if you visit Maui in Hawaii, you will have the opportunity of renting a bio-beetle, a car run on used cooking oil. The company has around 12 diesel-powered rental cars available in Maui. If you rent one of these cars, then instead of buying diesel fuel from the regular service station, biodiesel in the form of used cooking oil is available at an outlet in the main city, Kahului. Perhaps most significantly the biodiesel is around US$1 per gallon cheaper than regular diesel – although this difference varies with the market price of diesel. Used cooking oil is collected from restaurants in Maui and also from some of the visiting cruise ships. Comments from a recent car renter showed that the biodiesel (used cooking oil) is light in colour and has very little smell, not at all like a conventional fuel, and that the car performed well, just like a normal diesel powered car. Biodiesel in Maui provides users with the opportunity to use recycled fuel, to contribute to making the environment cleaner by reducing emissions of harmful substances, and to save money. More information is available at www.bio-beetle.com and www.biodiesel.com. Do you have some new information about ways in which your island is using alternative fuels? If so, please send it to us, so we can share it with islanders around the world. http://babelfish.altavista.com/tr allows for translation into other languages. . Title: From frying oil to car fuel Author: websites Date: Monday, 2 October 2006 *************************************************************************** Please send your comments to <mailto:smallislandsvoice@sivglobal.org> To see all the messages in this global forum, visit <http://www.sivglobal.org/> To find out more about Small Islands Voice, go to <http://www.smallislandsvoice.org/> If you wish to be removed from the mailing list, please email to <mailto:smallislandsvoice@sivglobal.org>

32. The controversy of labeling hydro and micro-hydro as renewable sources in the U.S. and abroad

33. http://www.dsireusa.org/ http://www.puc.state.nv.us/renewable_energy.htm

34. Rest of semester schedule

35. CASE STUDY: RENEWABLE OPTIONS FOR WESTERN CHINA

36. THIS IS COMPLICATED SO ASK ME TO REPEAT IF THAT HELPS YOU!

37. Study Area

39. “Sustainable development” Development that meets the needs of the present without compromising the ability of future generations to meet their needs. Renewable energy is part of the sustainable development movement.

40. ProblemIn some parts of Western China people live a mostly sustainable agriculture existence. Out of the 60 million rural Chinese without electricity, one-fifth live in sparsely populated Western China. Many would benefit from merely a few hours of power a day so that their children can read, to reduce mortality of certain animals, etc. But, they live too far from major Chinese cities to attach to their power grids -- to do so would be a waste of energy, and they do not need that much power anyway. Why waste energy and make them pay for it in the name of “modern development?!”

41. Research questions Are there renewable “off-grid” options for counties in W. China that can take into account: 1. What natural resources are available; 2. Income of people; 3. Desire for varying amounts of electricity; and 4. Uneven ability and willingness to pay?

42. Background 1996 Inner Mongolia Autonomous region and U.S. Dept. of Energy explore potential of renewable energy for W. China. Look at existing house and village power systems. Chinese Academy of Sciences and Center for Energy and Environmental Policy and National Renewable Energy Laboratory joined to design and implement “appropriate” renewable packages.

43. Methods (The BRIEF version!!) 1. Develop a spreadsheet-based computer simulation model (Rural Renewable Energy Analysis and Design Tool, or RREAD) to evaluate energy and economic performance of PV, wind, and PV/wind hybrid systems VS. conventional or diesel generators in place (not including pollution generated); WHAT’S A SPREAD-SHEET? 2. To conduct the socio-economic assessment of renewable energy utilization in Inner Mongolia, Qinghai, and Xinjiang China vis-à-vis a questionnaire (531 rural households in 22 counties) and statistical techniques to apply the data to the wider region (regression models determine the potential market) and collect information on solar and wind potential; KIND OF LIKE PREDICTING WINNERS IN ELECTIONS FROM SAMPLES

44. 3. Map renewable energy potentialities; and 4. Based on the aforementioned considerations, and through our partnerships in China and in the U.S., offer policy suggestions for implementation.

46. The life-cycle cost can be described as a summation of the values of the all the costs (initial investment cost, O&M cost and fuel cost) incurred during the life time of an option (this is simplified). You could annualize both the life-cycle cost and energy output and then calculate the levelized cost. Our definition of the levelized cost of energy is total life-cycle cost (or total costs) divided by energy output or saved in year n (total energy output). SYSTEMS COMPETE IN TERMS OF ENERGY PRODUCTION AND COSTS

47. Economics, not just environment or energy needs, factor into local choices

48. Three renewable options: 1) Wind; 2) Solar; Wind-Solar hybrid

49. HOW COULD THIS MATTER?

50. How to match demand