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Pius IX and Vatican I: The Influence of Romanticism and Catholic Thought

Delve into the Romantic Movement's impact on Catholic reactions, Pius IX's tenure, and Vatican I proceedings. Explore the intertwining of art, culture, politics, and religion during this era of significant intellectual and religious shifts.

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Pius IX and Vatican I: The Influence of Romanticism and Catholic Thought

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  1. Class 33: Pius IX and Vatican I 12 April 2019 Dr. Ann Orlando

  2. Introduction • Romantic Movement • Catholic Reactions • Pius IX • Vatican I

  3. Romanticism • What is driving Romanticism • Concern that liberalism inevitably leads to social chaos • Man is more than just reason; spiritual component • What is Romanticism • Restoration of social order • Idealization of past • Renewed interest in Catholic traditions • Important Romantic movements in England, America, Germany and France

  4. French Romantic Movement • Apologists for lost traditions that deChristianization of revolution had caused • Usually ultamontanists • Usually supported restoration of French monarchy

  5. Francois Rene Vicomte de Chateuabriand (1768-1848) • As a result of Pius VII stance against Napoleon, Chateuabriand returned to Church from skepticism • Wrote strong apology for Christianity, Genius of Christianity • Reflected on history and importance of Church in civilizing society • Emphasized the beauty of Christianity; impact on arts and sciences • Strong argument for a Christian culture

  6. Felicite Robert de Lamennais (1772-1854) • Also a Romantic; also wrote apologies for Christianity • Essay on Indifference (1817) • Three kinds of indifference: atheist, Deist, heretical Protestant • Key issue is epistemology • Lamennais relies on sensus communis (sense of the community) to attain to certain primal truths, innately known • After the Fall, God offers revelation as a way to reestablish sensus communis • Catholic Christianity existed in all religions in inchoate form (one God, prayer, worship, sacrifice, sin, forgiveness) • Catholicism is the one true religion • Proof: Many intellectuals in French Church wanted Church to adapt to modern political and economic trends but Church did not • Lamennais was an ultramontanists, but not a royalist • Pope essential to unity and perseverance of Catholic Christianity • Pope has a cultural role as preserver of faith; not one of pronouncing doctrine • Opposed by Gallicans, Royalists, and economic liberals

  7. L’Avinier • Newspaper started by Lamennais in July 1830 to promote his views of a liberal Catholic program: • Liberty of conscience; separation of Church and State • Freedom of education and press • Universal suffrage • Decentralization of Government • These points became part of Belgian Constitution (1831) • Rome (Gregory XVI) does not support Lamennais • Lamennais leaves the Church and joins radicals in revolution of 1848

  8. Pope Gregory XVI (1831-1846) • After Pius VII dies (1823); succeeded by Leo XII (1823-1829), Pius VIII (1829-1830) and then Gregory XVI; Camaldolese friar • Revolution of Italian nationalists broke out in Papal States 3 days after election • In 1831 Five Powers of Congress of Vienna (England, Austria, Russia, Prussia, France) tried to coerce Gregory XVI into reforming Papal States • Opposition to liberal trends in Catholicism: Mirari Vos and Singulari nos

  9. Pius IX (1846-1878) • Considered a liberal, but shocked by revolutions of 1848 • Negotiates Church rights with many European governments (concordats) • Issues Syllabus of Errors condemning much enlightenment thought • Promotes Thomism as ‘official’ theology of Church • Convenes Vatican I in 1869 • Loses Papal States in 1870 • Beatified along with John XXIII in 2000

  10. Pope Pius IX (1846-1878) • Pope Pius IX considered more liberal than Gregory XVI • Amnesty for political prisoners in Papal States • Started negotiations with some Italian political activists on a Federated Italy with Pope as head of State; Parliamentary system of Government • Significantly reduced censorship in Papal States • Jewish ghetto opened, Jews could worship anywhere in Rome

  11. Wars and Revolutions of 1848-1849 • French Revolution of 1848 brings Louis Napoleon to power • French, Austrian and Italian Republicans fight over unification of Italy • Pope Pius IX forced to flee Rome in 1849; could not return until French captured Rome • In 1850s Church is seen by many as bulwark of stability against rampant social unrest

  12. Reaction of Pius IX • Social, economic and political turmoil of ‘radical’ liberals causes Pius IX to rethink any accommodation toward liberalism • Declaration of dogma Immaculate Conception in 1854 in Ineffabilis • Magisterium of Churchmediated by Pope • This is how we know the Truth • Syllabus of Errors 1864

  13. Vatican I • Pius IX announced intention to call a Council in 1864 just before publication of Syllabus of Errors • Bull of Convocation was promulgated on Dec 8, 1868 • Definition of Papal Infallibility • Hostile reaction in England, Germany, France • First Session 8 Dec. 1869, Council ended in 1870 • Council affirmed infallibility in First Dogmatic Constitution of Church of Christ (Session 4) • Franco-Prussian War of 1870; Council not officially closed

  14. Reflections on Vatican I • Epistemology • Major issues in early Enlightenment: how do we know • Vatican I says we know the faith because we can trust in Magisterium of Church; Pope is uniquely guarantor of what is in the Magisterium • Method of knowing the truth: Thomism; theological empiricism; most like a mathematical proof • Society and Politics • Stability in religion and society critical • Church (Pope) provides that stability • The document is a Constitution

  15. Three Types of Anti-Semitism 19th C • Religious • From Second Century onwards conflict between synagogue and Church • Economic and Social • Middle class and wealthy Jews adept at moving and taking advantage of free market economies because of roots in banking business • Several intellectual leaders of radical social reforms and revolution to implement them were Jewish • Both of these lead to fear of Jews by non-Jewish middle class • Cultural • Development of nations; what does it mean to be German or Italian or French?

  16. Pius IX and Kidnapping of Edgardo Mortara • Remember, Pius IX opened the Jewish ghetto in Rome • In 1858 a Jewish boy who may have been Baptized by a family servant was ‘kidnapped’ by Catholic authorities in Bologna an placed in a monastery • Pope Pius IX affirms this action and takes a special interest in the boy • Fuels flames of Italian nationalism against Pope and Papal States • International outrage over this incident also contributes to downfall of Papal states in 1870

  17. What Happened to Edgardo? • In his early teens, he was given the opportunity to return to his family and Judaism; he refused • He joined Canon Regulars; ordained at age 21 • Canon Regulars follow Augustine’s Rule • All are ordained (unlike monks) • Dedicated to service to Church, often in world • Lived in Belgium • He felt a special link to spirituality of Lourdes • Died in 1940, just two months before the Nazis invaded Belgium

  18. Franco-Prussian War of 1870 and Dreyfus Affair • France lost the Franco Prussian War of 1870 in a disastrous series of battles; • Forced to relinquish Rhine valley, Alsace-Loraine to Prussia • Defeat created social and political tensions within France and the military: who was to blame • French military had been very open to Jewish officers • In 1880s the Panama Canal Company went bankrupt, causing one of the first capitalist depressions in France • Owners of company were Jews • Cries of ‘France for the French’ were raised • ‘Scientific’ definition and stereotyping of races • Dreyfus arrest as a spy for Germans in 1890; convicted and spent 12 years on penal colony; exonerated in 1906

  19. Timeline of Pius IX • 1846: Elected Pope • 1848: Revolutions of 1848, forced to flee Rome, returned by French • 1854: Dogma of Immaculate Conception • 1858: Lourdes and Kidnapping of Edgardo Mortara • 1864: Syllabus of Errors • 1869-1870: Vatican I • 1870: Franco-Prussian War • 1878: Pope Pius IX dies • 1985: Declared blessed along with John XXIII by Pope John Paul II

  20. Assignments • 1. Francois Viscount de Chateaubriand Genius of Christianity, Book I, pp 43-70. (optional) • 2. Pope Pius IX, Syllabus of Errors, available at http://www.ewtn.com/library/PAPALDOC/P9SYLL.HTM • 3. First Vatican Council, First Dogmatic Constitution on Church of Christ, available at http://www.ewtn.com/library/COUNCILS/V1.HTM

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