EMIGRATION FROM POLSH TERETORIES SINCE XIX CENTURY

1. EMIGRATION FROM POLSH TERETORIES SINCE XIX CENTURY Zespół Szkół Samochodowych w Gdańsku Migration in the past, the present and the future - problems and opportunities LLP Comenius, 2012-2014

2. Introduction Emigration from Polish teretories increased at the end of XVIII century, which was connected with losing independence in 1795, and unsuccessful uprisings. At the same time – in the first half of XIX century – Polish people started to emigrate becuse of financial reasons. Starting from 70-ties of XIX century until the beginning of II World War job emigration was more frequent than political one, and from 90-ties of XIX century to 1914 it was a mass emigration. In modern Polsh history the least popular period for emigration was the first half of 50-ties of XX century.

3. Migration in the past, the present and the future - problems and opportunities LLP Comenius, 2012-2014

4. Great emigration of 1831-1846 • 8000-9000 of political refugees • members of uprising command and soldiers (mostly field level officers ) • destinations: Belgium, the United Kingdom, Switzerland, Spain, Algiera, the United States • Joachim Lelewel, Adam Jerzy Czartoryski Migration in the past, the present and the future - problems and opportunities LLP Comenius, 2012-2014

5. Great emigration of 1831-1846 Reasons Consequences Polish political parties were created abroad; those parties were fighting for independence and were in touch with people who stayed in „Poland” • Failure of November Uprising • Fear of repressions (killings, prison, forced labour) Migration in the past, the present and the future - problems and opportunities LLP Comenius, 2012-2014

6. Migration in the past, the present and the future - problems and opportunities LLP Comenius, 2012-2014

7. Emigration in XIX century (to 1914) • 2,2 million job emigrants (from Polish Kingdom – russian annexed teretory: 900 000 people; fromGalicja – austrian annexed teretory: 700 000 people; from prussian annexed teretory: 600 000). • Bacause of overpopulation in the villages in Poland and slow development of industrypeople emigrated for money also during interwar period (1918-1939). Migration in the past, the present and the future - problems and opportunities LLP Comenius, 2012-2014

8. Emigration in XIX century (to1914) Reasons Consequences Emigrants (2,2mln) in most cases from poor peasants from Poland, Ukraine and Belorus and unwealthy people from urban areas • Fast development of industry in western Europe • Dynamic development of the USA in the second half of XIX century Migration in the past, the present and the future - problems and opportunities LLP Comenius, 2012-2014

9. Migration in the past, the present and the future - problems and opportunities LLP Comenius, 2012-2014

10. EXTERMINATION OF POLISH NATION BY THE OCCUPANTS 1939-1945 After the German and Russian administration was organised on Polish teretories displacement of Polish citizens started. Migration in the past, the present and the future - problems and opportunities LLP Comenius, 2012-2014

11. EXTERMINATION OF POLISH NATION BY THE OCCUPANTS1939-1945 Reasons Consequences Transportation of people to the concentration camps Displacement to General Governorship (1939-1941 – 860 000 people) Sending people to forced labour in Germany (2 600 000 people) On teretories annexed by CCCR people were taken to labour camps in european parts or to Kazachstan or Siberia – 1 300 000 people Extermination of Jewish and Gypsypeople • German and Soviet occupation • Planned extermination of Polish people Migration in the past, the present and the future - problems and opportunities LLP Comenius, 2012-2014

12. MIGRATION 1945-1949 POLSKA 1945-1949 Migration in the past, the present and the future - problems and opportunities LLP Comenius, 2012-2014

13. Migration 1945-1949 The change in Polish borders caused migration. German citizens living on the teretories annexed by Poland fled or were displaced. Polish citizens from central Poland and those displaced from the teretories east of river Bug took place of the Germans. Migration in the past, the present and the future - problems and opportunities LLP Comenius, 2012-2014

14. Migration 1945-1949 Reasons Consequences Expellees from the east of river Bug Migration of people from overpopulated central Poland to other regions Emigration of Jews (mostly to Israel) Displacement of German population • Changes in Polsh borders • Strenghtening of communistic regime in Poland Migration in the past, the present and the future - problems and opportunities LLP Comenius, 2012-2014

15. POLSKA 1950-1989 Migration in the past, the present and the future - problems and opportunities LLP Comenius, 2012-2014

16. Poland 1950-1989 During the communistic period in Poland there was a constant opposition against the regime. Emigration was one of the forms of opposition for example: • Emigration of Silesians in 70-ties • Emigration of young people in the time of martial law (from 1981) • Emigration of citizens of Jewish background after March 1968 Migration in the past, the present and the future - problems and opportunities LLP Comenius, 2012-2014

17. Poland 1950-1989 Reasons Consequences About 1 000 000 people of German origin emigrated to Germany Forced emigration to Israel about 13 000 Jews and Polish citizens of Jewish origin went to Israel • Lack of freedom of speech • Opposition againts communists • March 1968 • Introduction of martial law (13th December 1981) Migration in the past, the present and the future - problems and opportunities LLP Comenius, 2012-2014

18. Sources: Dzieje Polski – atlas ilustrowany, wyd. Demart, Warszawa 2007 Zarys historii emigracji z ziem polskich, dr Anna Mazurkiewicz (http://www.gdynia.pl/g2/2012_06/55767_fileot.pdf) Migration in the past, the present and the future - problems and opportunities LLP Comenius, 2012-2014