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Anatomy and Physiology

Anatomy and Physiology. http://www.google.com/imgres. Reproductive Systems. Organs of the Male Reproductive Systems:. Produce make sex cells , or sperm cells Secrete male sex hormones The primary sex organs are the gonads , or the testes

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Anatomy and Physiology

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  1. Anatomy and Physiology http://www.google.com/imgres Reproductive Systems

  2. Organs of the Male Reproductive Systems: • Produce make sex cells, or sperm cells • Secrete male sex hormones • The primary sex organs are thegonads, or the testes • The testes produces sperm cells and male sex hormones http://www.google.com/imgres

  3. Male Reproductive System: http://www.emc.maricopa.edu/faculty/farabee/BIOBK/malerepro_2.gif

  4. The Testes: • There are 2 testes • Within each testis are lobules that contain coiledseminiferous tubules. • Sperm cells are made within the seminiferous tubules. • The tubules eventually join theepididymis. • The epididymis eventually becomesthevas deferens. • The vas deferens unites with a seminal vesicle to form anejaculatory ductand empties into theurethra. • The urethra is the tube in which both urine and semen are excreted. http://www.malefertility.md/images/sperm_blockage.jpg

  5. The prostate glandenhances motility of sperm cells & helps neutralize the acidic vaginal secretions • The bulbourethral glands, a.k.a.Cowper’s glands, secrete fluid that lubricate the end of the penis in preparation for sexual intercourse. • Semenis the fluid secreted during ejaculation. This contains nutrients, prostaglandins and sperm cells. http://www.google.com/imgres

  6. Formation of Sperm: • Spermatogenesisis the process of forming sperm cells. • Sperm cells form through meiosis and have only 23 chromosomes (instead of the normal 46 chromosomes of every other cells). http://www.google.com/imgres

  7. Male External Reproductive Organs: The Scrotum: • The scrotumis the external pouch of skin that hangs posterior to the penis and contains the testes. • It is divided in two by themedial septum (2 chambers, each carrying one testis). • It protects the testes and aids in temperature regulation (important in the production of sperm cells). http://www.google.com/imgres

  8. The Penis: • The penis is the organ that conveys both semen and urine through the urethra. • The foreskin, or prepuce, is a loose fold of skin that is sometimes removed during acircumcision (a surgical procedure). * The next slide may disturb some of you, however, you should understand that this is a regular procedure for most newborn babies in the USA.

  9. Circumcision: http://www.shands.org/health/surgeries/images/10221.jpg http://www.danheller.com/images/Topics/Circumcision/circumcision-05.jpg http://www.shands.org/health/surgeries/images/10223.jpg

  10. Male Sex Hormones: • Prior to the age of 10, sperm cells are immature in males. • The hypothalamus controls the reproductive changes that occur in males by releasinggonadotropin-releasing hormone (GnRH). • GnRH signals the anterior pituitary gland to releasefollicle-stimulating hormone (FSH) and luteinizing hormone (LH). • In males, LH and FSH eventually trigger the release oftestosterone (the main male hormone). • Male sex hormones are termedandrogens. • Puberty is the time of life when sex hormones are increased in the bloodstream (beginning between 13-15 in males).

  11. http://www.dva.gov.au/health/menshealth/images/04_hormones.gifhttp://www.dva.gov.au/health/menshealth/images/04_hormones.gif

  12. Testosterone Effects: • Testosterone stimulates the enlargement of testes & enhances the development of the secondary sex characteristics. • The secondary sex characteristics: -increased body hair (face, chest, pubic) -lower voice -thicker skin -increase muscle mass, broadening of shoulders, narrowing of waist -thickening & lengthening of bones • Testosterone increases cellular metabolism, rbc production, and stimulates sexual activity.

  13. Organs of the Female Reproductive System: • The primary sex cells are theegg cells, or ova. • The primary sex organs, or gonads, are theovaries. • The ovaries produce the ova and female sex hormones. http://www.google.com/imgres

  14. http://www.healthywomen.org/UterineHealthGuide/pages/images/female_reproductive_system.gifhttp://www.healthywomen.org/UterineHealthGuide/pages/images/female_reproductive_system.gif

  15. The Ovaries: • There are 2 ovaries. • Before birth, meiosis has already begun. • The egg cells degenerate & the female only releases ~400-500 in her lifetime. • Oogenesis is the process of egg cell formation. • Egg cells have only 23 chromosomes (instead of the 46 chromosomes of most other cells). • When an egg cell and a sperm cell unite theyform azygotewhich has 46 chromosomes (23 + 23= 46)

  16. Ovulation: • Once puberty in females is reached, the anterior pituitary gland secretes FSH and this acts on the ovaries. • This matures theprimary folliclesone of the ovaries (the functional units of the ovaries).Note: the ovaries take turns each month. • As the follicle matures, the egg is released from the follicle (this makes the follicle rupture). This isovulation.

  17. http://www.infertilitybooks.com/onlinebooks/malpani/images/13a_ovarianfollicle.jpghttp://www.infertilitybooks.com/onlinebooks/malpani/images/13a_ovarianfollicle.jpg

  18. Female Accessory Organs: • Remember, the female sex organs are ALL internal! • The uterine tubes, a.k.a.fallopian tubes or oviducts, connect the ovaries to the uterus. • The uterusreceives the embryo and holds it while it develops. It is a muscular pear shaped organthat contains several parts: http://www.aboutheavyperiods.com/uploadedImages/diagram_uterus.gif

  19. Female Accessory Organs, Cont’d: The uterus contains: • 3 layers of the uterine wall are:endometrium, myometrium, (both shed during reproductive cycles & pregnancy) and perimetrium • Cervix(lower third); this extends into thevagina. • Vagina:receives the penis during intercourse, is the pathway for sperm cells and is the birth canal. • It is partially covered by a thin layer of connective tissue called thehymen.

  20. http://www.google.com/imgres

  21. Female Accessory Organs, Cont’d: • The clitorisis a small projection on the female that corresponds to the male’s penis (and has a similar structure). • It has erectile tissue & sensory nerve fibers. http://www.google.com/imgres

  22. Female Circumcision? http://www.sudantribune.com/IMG/jpg/Female_Genital_Cutting.jpg http://www.benettontalk.com/female_circumcision.jpg This is also known as Genital Cutting: http://www.nocirc.org/publish/pamphlet9.html *The next slide may be disturbing for some of you. Please understand this is illegal and uncommon in the USA.

  23. 1. Clitoral Hood(foreskin) 2. Clitoris 3..Urethra 4.Vaginal opening 5. Hymen 6. Bartholin's glands 7. Perineum 8. Anus 9. Mons veneris 10. Labia majora 11. Labia minora http://www.nocirc.org/publish/pamphlet9.html

  24. Female Sex Hormones: • At about age 10, the female body’s hypothalamus secretes GnRH. • GnRHstimulates the anterior pituitary gland to secrete FSH and LH to act on the ovaries. • The ovaries produce estrogens and progesterone. • Estrogens stimulate the enlargement of the accessory organs (vagina, uterus, tubes, ovaries & external structures) & develop and maintain the secondary sex characteristics: -breast development -increased adipose deposits (fat tissue) in breasts, thighs and buttocks -increased vascularization of skin

  25. Female Sex Hormones cont’d: • In the non-pregnant female, progesterone promotes uterus changes, affects the mammary glands & regulates gonadotropin secretions. • Androgens (secreted by the adrenal cortices) in females (extremely low) promote hair growth in the pubic & under arms and narrowing of shoulders & broadening of hips.

  26. Female Reproductive Cycle: • a.k.a themenstrual cycle, consists of regular changes of the uterine lining ending inmenses(or menstrual bleeding). • The ovarian cycleis the changes in the ovary that generally correspond to the menstrual cycle. • This cycle ranges from around age 13 to middle age. • The first menses is calledmenarche.

  27. The hormone cycle: 1. GnRH(hypothalamus) signals the pituitary gland to release FSH & LH. 2. FSH acts on the ovary: follicle matures. 3. Thefollicle (technically ovary) produces estrogen & some progesterone. 4. Meanwhile, LH signals increased production of estrogen (ovary). 5. Estrogen signals the uterine lining to thicken & the maintenance of the secondary sex characteristics.

  28. The hormone cycle: 6. Ovulation occurs on day 14 of the cycle (follicle ruptures & egg is released). 7. The follicular body, a.k.a. yellow body orcorpus luteum, is left behind (ovary) & eventually disintegrates. It secretes progesterone (prior to disintegrating). 8. Progesterone (ovary) stimulates the uterine lining to become vascular. • The increased lining and blood flow to the uterus provides a favorable environment for embryo development. 9. Around day 24, the corpus luteum (if the egg is not fertilized) begins to degenerate. 10. Menstrual flow begins about the 28th day of the cycle.The cycle begins again.

  29. Ovarian Cycle: http://www.google.com/imgres

  30. Menopauseis the period in life when menstrual cycles cease. Aging ovaries are the cause of menopause. • The mammary glandsare accessory organs of the female reproductive system that secrete milk following pregnancy. http://www.google.com/imgres

  31. Birth Control and Sexually Transmitted Diseases: • Birth controlis a means of voluntarily regulating how many offspring produced (and at the time in which they are produced). • Contraceptionis generally the means in which this is accomplished. This is the avoidance of fertilization. (to avoid conception). There are several methods: Understand:THE BEST WAY TO AVOID CONCEPTION IS TO ABSTAIN FROM SEXUAL INTERCOURSE! ALSO, YOU DO NOT HAVE TO HAVE SEX TO CONCEIVE.

  32. Birth Control and Sexually Transmitted Diseases cont’d: • Coitus Interruptusis the withdrawal method (before ejaculation). • Rhythm Method, a.k.a. coitus or natural family planning, is the method accepted by the Catholic Church (married couples). • This requires the abstinence of sexual intercourse a few days prior to and after ovulation to avoid pregnancy

  33. Birth Control: Mechanical Barriers Chemical Barriers • prevent sperm cells from entering the reproductive tract during intercourse. These include: • Male condom • Female condom • Diaphragm (must be fitted by a physician & used with a chemical spermicide) • Cervical cap • have spermicidal properties that create unfavorable environments for sperm cells. These include: • Creams • Foams • Jellies

  34. http://www.google.com/imgres

  35. Doctor-Approved Methods: • Oral Contraceptives , a.k.a.birth control pills, are chemicals that are taken by women that contain hormones (or synthetic hormones) that disrupt normal or prevent ovulation. • They also prevent uterine lining buildup (which would interfere with embryo implantation). • Injectable Contraception, like Depro-Provera, protects against conception for 3 months. • This alters the uterine lining. • Contraceptive Implantsare rods of progesterone capsules surgically inserted under the skin that prevent ovulation for up to 5 years. • Intrauterine Devices (IUD)are inserted into the uterine cavity and interfere with implantation. (ie: NuvaRing)

  36. Doctor-Approved Methods: Surgical Procedures, such as vasectomiesin males and tubule ligationsin females, are a little more drastic. • A vasectomy removes a section of the vas deferens near the epididymis & ties the cut ends together. • This is an outpatient procedure. • This separates the sperm cells from leaving the body (but it may take a few weeks for this to be effective). • A tubal ligationcuts the uterine tubes and ensures that sperm cannot reach the eggs. • This is internal surgery!

  37. Vasectomy vs. Tubal Ligation: http://www.google.com/imgres

  38. Sexually Transmitted Diseases (STDs): • These are silent infections b/c the symptoms don’t show in early stages. • Many STDs have similar symptoms to other diseases & allergies (that are not sexually transmitted). • Human Papilloma Virus (HPV): viral infection causing warts; if left untreated can cause cervical cancer. • Genital Herpes: viral infection causing warts • Chlamydia: bacterial infection

  39. Sexually Transmitted Diseases (STDs): • Gonorrhea: bacterial infection • Pelvic inflammatory disease:complication of gonorrhea & Chlamydia; bacteria gain entry into the vagina and spread throughout the reproductive organs. • Starts with cramps and then results in fever, chills, weakness & severe cramps. • Hospitalization & IV fluids (and antibiotics) are necessary. Can result in sterilization. • Hepatitis A, B & C: viral infection • A: runs its course (flu-like symptoms) • B: no treatment (~10% develop liver damage) • C: no treatment (most develop liver damage)

  40. Sexually Transmitted Diseases (STDs): • Syphilis: bacterial infection • Symptoms: ulcers, rash, flu-like, warts, patchy hair loss, NS & CVS complications can occur. • Must be treated early with antibiotics. • AIDS (acquired immune deficiency disease)destroys the immune system. • Caused byHIV, human immunodeficiency virus, (passes from the body fluids from one person to another)

  41. Pregnancy: • From fertilization (conception) until the birth of the infant • Gestation= development of the fetus • Embryo= 1st 8 weeks • Fetus= week 9 until birth • Infant= at birth http://www.google.com/imgres

  42. Development • Pregnancy (gestation): internal development of the embryo(s) Divided into 3 trimesters • 1st trimester: fertilization, cleavage, blastocyst, implantation, organogenesis, & neurulation all occur • 2nd trimester: rapid growth, embryo now a fetus, very active • 3rd trimester: activity decreases, rapid growth

  43. http://health.stateuniversity.com/article_images/gem_04_img0526.jpghttp://health.stateuniversity.com/article_images/gem_04_img0526.jpg

  44. The Stages of Early Embryological Development • Fertilization- egg & sperm fuse • Cleavage- cells divide (partitions the zygote; morulablastula) http://4.bp.blogspot.com/_NpHFRQ-Dk3Q/Sa4VR84sEoI/AAAAAAAABSs/e-O7EHtzFYY/s400/human_embryo_day_3_copy.gif

  45. Gastrulation- rearranges the blastula into 3 layered embryo (endoderm, mesoderm & ectoderm). • Occurs ~15 days after fertilization; takes about 20 days • Ectoderm:becomes nervous system & epidermis • Endoderm: becomes mucous layers & several glands • Mesoderm: becomes almost all other organs • Organogenesis- (a.k.a. morphogenesis) organs form, “larva” forms • Neurulation or Neural Tube Formation- development of the neural tube (brain & spinal cord) or the nervous system. • Occurs ~18 days after fertilization; takes ~23 days (overlaps gastrulation)

  46. http://www.bio.miami.edu/~cmallery/150/devel/c7.46.17.human.fetus.jpghttp://www.bio.miami.edu/~cmallery/150/devel/c7.46.17.human.fetus.jpg

  47. At 21 weeks: http://rasica.files.wordpress.com/2009/07/samuelshand.jpg

  48. Comparing Embryos: http://cache.eb.com/eb/image?id=94773&rendTypeId=34

  49. Physiological changes associated with Pregnancy: • Morning sickness (first few months) • Heartburn • Constipation • Frequent urination and/or stress incontinence • Difficulty breathing • Increased blood pressure and pulse

  50. Look up in text or online! • Know the following: prostate cancer, gonorrhea, pelvis inflammatory disease, cervical cancer, breast cancer, abortion, Braxton Hicks contractions, Cesarean section, afterbirth, pseduohermaphrodites, & hermaphrodites

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