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Energy Chemistry in Cells: Photosynthesis & Respiration

Understand how cells obtain, store, and use energy through photosynthesis and cellular respiration processes. Photosynthesis converts sunlight into food energy, while respiration releases ATP energy within cells. Explore the chemical reactions involved in glucose production and energy transformation from sunlight to chemical energy. Discover the vital roles of chlorophyll, the Calvin cycle, and aerobic respiration in generating ATP for cellular functions. Learn about the differences between aerobic and anaerobic respiration and the efficiency of ATP production. Master the steps of glycolysis, the Krebs cycle, and the electron transport chain within mitochondria. Enhance your knowledge of energy-storing compounds like ATP and the essential functions they serve in sustaining cellular processes.

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Energy Chemistry in Cells: Photosynthesis & Respiration

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  1. Energy and the Cell...

  2. Energy: • All living things must obtain and use energy E • Energy cannot be created nor destroyed • Energy can be transformed

  3. Energy (cont). • The only constant source of energy for the earth is the sun • Almost all living cells depend on the sun for energy either directly or indirectly.

  4. Glucose and the cell: • C6H12O6 • Glucose is the final product of photosynthesis • Glucose is used by most living cells as the primary food molecule.

  5. Photosynthesis

  6. Chemical Reaction of Photosynthesis: 6CO2 + 6H2O + LIGHT  C6H12O6 + 6O2

  7. Photosynthetic Organisms: • Autotrophs or Producers convert the E in sunlight to chemical E in food (sugar)

  8. Autotrophs: • Examples of autotrophs include: Plants, algae, and some bacteria. b/g algae algae Plant

  9. Autotroph • Auto ---- “self” • Troph ---- “feeder” • Autotrophs produce their own food, and are the basis for the food chain.

  10. Photosynthesis: • Stores light E in the chem bonds of sugar: 6CO2 + 6H2O + LIGHT  C6H12O6 + 6O2

  11. Photosynthesis • The  in the reaction represents many intermediate steps. • Two main categories: • lightreactions- trapping E from sunlight • darkreactions- storing E in sugars

  12. Chlorophyll • Chlorophyll- the material that allows plants to trap the E from sunlight. • Chlorophyll absorbs blue and UV light, and red light. • Chlorophyll reflects green, and most yellow light

  13. Photosynthesis • Takes place in the chloroplasts • Light Reactions occur in the thylakoids • Dark Reactions occur in the stroma

  14. Chloroplast

  15. H2O CO2 Light Dark Reactions Light Reactions O2 Glucose

  16. Light Reactions • Process by which the energy from sunlight is captured by chlorophyll. (in the thylakoid membrane) • O2 is given off as a byproduct

  17. Dark Reactions (aka Calvin Cycle) • Process by which energy from the light reactions and CO2 are used to build glucose molecules. • C6H12O6

  18. Cellular Respiration

  19. THE GOAL: TO PRODUCE ATPFOR USE WITHIN THE CELL!

  20. Energy Storing Compounds • Starches, sugars, even gasoline are E-storing compounds • Principle E-storing compound for the cell is ATP

  21. ATP • “Adenosine Triphosphate“ • Made up of • Adenine (nitrogenous base) • Ribose (5-C sugar) • Three phosphates

  22. ATP • Energy is stored when phosphates are added • ADP + P (+ energy)  ATP • Energy is released when phosphates are removed • ATP  ADP + P (+ energy)

  23. Cellular Respiration • Catabolism is breaking down chemicals into their parts • Cellular Respiration is catabolism that releases energy for use in the cell (ATP) • Can be Aerobic (with O2), or Anaerobic (without O2)

  24. Aerobic Respiration C6H12O6+O2CO2+H20 + (E) Energy is released from the sugar in the form of ATP for use within the cell.

  25. Aerobic Respiration • Requires the presence of O2 • Extremely efficient • produces approx. 36 ATP per glucose molecule

  26. Steps of Aerobic Respiration: 1. Glycolysis 2. Krebs Cycle 3. Electron Transport Chain (ETC)

  27. Glycolysis

  28. Glycolysis • Takes place in the cytoplasm • “Glyco” meaning “sugar” • “lysis” meaning “to break” • Glucose molecules are broken down into pyruvic acid which will then enter the Krebs cycle

  29. Cytoplasm

  30. Krebs Cycle

  31. Krebs Cycle • Takes place in the matrix of the mitochondria • Pyruvic acid from glycolysis is broken down to produce high energy molecules(NADH and FADH2 - which go to the ETC) • CO2 is given off as a byproduct

  32. Mitochondria

  33. Mitochondrion Matrix

  34. Electron Transport Chain

  35. Electron Transport Chain (ETC) • Like the Krebs Cycle, ETC takes place in the mitochondria • Specifically, the ETC occurs in the Inner Membrane and the Intermembrane Space of the mitochondria.

  36. Mitochondrion Inner Membrane

  37. Mitochondrion Outer Membrane

  38. Mitochondrion Intermembrane Space

  39. ETC cont. • Folds and projections called crista (cristae) in the inner membrane of the mitochondria increase the surface area available for the reactions.

  40. Mitochondrion Crista

  41. ETC cont. • Most of the ATP from Aerobic Respiration is generated by the Electron Transport Chain • This series of reactions converts the high energy molecules from the Krebs Cycle into ATP for use in the cell • Oxygen is required

  42. Anaerobic Respiration

  43. Anaerobic Respiration • Takes place when O2 is not present. • Far less efficient than aerobic respiration • produces approx. 2 ATP per glucose molecule

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