Biomes (6-3)

1. Biomes (6-3) • Different climates lend to differing organisms & vegetations • Due to . . . • Pptn., temp., soil type

3. Tropic of Cancer Equator Tropic of Capricorn Semidesert, arid grassland Arctic tundra (polar grasslands) Desert Boreal forest (taiga), evergreen coniferous forest (e.g., montane coniferous forest) Tropical rain forest, tropical evergreen forest Mountains (complex zonation) Temperate deciduous forest Tropical deciduous forest Ice Temperate grassland Tropical scrub forest Dry woodlands and shrublands (chaparral) Tropical savanna, thorn forest

4. Artic tundra Boreal forest (taiga); evergreen coniferous Temperate deciduous forest Temperate grassland Dry woodlands & shrublands (chaparral) Desert Tropical rain forest, tropical evergreen forest Tropical deciduous forest Tropical scrub forest Tropical savanna, thorn forest Semidesert, arid grassland Mountains Major biomes

5. Altitude Mountain Ice and snow Tundra (herbs, lichens, mosses) Coniferous Forest Latitude Deciduous Forest Tropical Forest Tropical Forest Deciduous Forest Coniferous Forest Tundra (herbs, lichens, mosses) Polar ice and snow

6. Tropical desert (Saudi Arabia)

7. Temperate desert (Reno, Nevada)

8. Polar desert (northwest China)

9. Tropical grassland (savanna) (Harare, Zimbabwe)

10. Temperate grassland (Lawrence, Kansas)

11. Polar grassland (arctic tundra) (Fort Yukon, Alaska)

12. Tropical rain forest (Manaus, Brazil)

13. Temperate deciduous forest (Nashville, Tennessee)

14. Polar evergreen coniferous forest (boreal forest, taiga) (Moscow, Russia)

15. Little ppt./vegetation Tropical; temperate; polar Cover 30% of Earth Desert

16. Agave Agave Prickly pear cactus Prickly pear cactus Roadrunner Roadrunner Diamondback rattlesnake Diamondback rattlesnake Darkling beetle Darkling beetle Bacteria Bacteria Kangaroo rat Kangaroo rat Red-tailed hawk Producer to primary consumer Gambel's quail Primary to secondary consumer Yucca Jack rabbit Collared lizard Secondary to higher-level consumer All producers and consumers to decomposers Fungi

17. Tropical Hot/dry most of year Few plants, rocks, sand Temperate High day temps in summer; low temps in winter More rain than tropical Drought resistant; widely spaced plants Cold deserts Cold winters; warm summers; low rainfall Semi-desert Between desert & grassland Thorn trees; shrubs; brief heavy rain

18. Drop leaves No leaves, store water in fleshy tissue Open pores for gas @ night Long tap roots Thick, waxy leaves (reduce evaporation) Biomass in seeds for years of dormancy Animals are small Nocturnal Some dormant during hot times Insects/reptiles have thick coats to conserve water Concentrated feces/urine Survival techniques in deserts

19. Natural Capital Degradation Deserts Large desert cities Soil destruction by off-road vehicles and urban development Soil sanitization from irrigation Depletion of underground water supplies Land disturbance and pollution from mineral extraction Storage of toxic and radioactive wastes Large arrays of solar cells and solar collectors used to produce electricity

20. Plant grow is slow Low species diversity Slow nutrient cycling Human impact Off-road vehicles Deserts

21. Cape buffalo Wildebeest Beisa oryx Topi Warthog Thompson's gazelle Waterbuck Grant's zebra Dry Grassland Moist Grassland

22. Giraffe African elephant Gerenuk Black rhino Dik-dik East African eland Blue duiker Greater kudu Bushbuck Dry Thorn Scrub Riverine Forest

23. Enough water for grasses Little amount of trees Grazing by herbivores Fires keep shrubs & trees from growing 3 types Tropical Temperate Polar Grasslands (prairies)

24. Savanna Warm temps year round 2 dry seasons Grazing animals Lots of niches Competition for plants minimized Animals killed for coats, tusks Farmers try to raise cattle Loss of vegetation; soil compaction

25. Pronghorn antelope Pronghorn antelope Coyote Coyote Grasshopper sparrow Grasshopper sparrow Grasshopper Grasshopper Blue stem grass Blue stem grass Prairie coneflower Prairie coneflower Golden eagle Producer to primary consumer Primary to secondary consumer Secondary to higher-level consumer All producers and consumers to decomposers Prairie dog Bacteria Fungi

27. Temperate grasslands Cold winters; hot, dry summers Fertile soils NA; SA; Europe; Asia Grasses adapted to fire High evaporation Used to raise cattle & crops Easily plowed for crops Overgrazing leads to sagebrush desert

28. Snowy owl Snowy owl Willow ptarmigan Willow ptarmigan Dwarf willow Dwarf willow Mountain cranberry Mountain cranberry Moss campion Moss campion Long-tailed jaeger Producer to primary consumer Grizzly bear Caribou Primary to secondary consumer Mosquito Secondary to higher-level consumer Arctic fox Horned lark All consumers and producers to decomposers Lemming

29. Polar grasslands (arctic tundra) Treeless Cold plains Long, dark winters Low ppt. Grass, mosses 6-8 weeks of summer Permafrost Migratory birds Small herbivores (lemmings, hares, voles) Predators (lynx, weasel, artic fox) Slow decomposition Soil is poor in nutrients Oil drilling & mining

30. Natural Capital Degradation Grasslands Conversion of savanna and temperate grasslands to cropland Release of CO2 to atmosphere from burning and conversion of grassland to cropland Overgrazing of tropical and temperate grasslands by livestock Damage to fragile arctic tundra by oil production, air and water pollution, and off-road vehicles

31. Chaparral (temperate shrubland) Coastal regions that border deserts Evergreen shrubs Occasional trees Swift moving fires Ideal climate for humans Floods/mudslides

32. Moderate to high rainfall 3 types Tropical Temperate Boreal (polar) Forest Biomes

33. Slaty-tailed trogon Slaty-tailed trogon Harpy eagle Ocelot Blue and gold macaw Producer to primary consumer Primary to secondary consumer Squirrel monkeys Climbing monstera palm Secondary to higher-level consumer Katydid Green tree snake Tree frog All producers and consumers to decomposers Ants Bromeliad Fungi Bacteria

34. Understory Understory Ground layer Ground layer 45 Emergent layer Harpy eagle 40 35 Toco toucan Canopy 30 Height (meters) 25 20 Wooly opossum 15 10 Shrub layer Brazilian tapir 5 Black-crowned antpitta 0

35. Tropical rain forests Near equator Hot, humid conditions Daily rainfall Broadleaf evergreens w/shallow roots Dense canopy Epiphytes (like orchids) Great diversity 2% of land surface ½ of terrestrial species Little litter on floor Poor soil

36. Figure 6-31Page 123 Metallic wood- boring beetle and larvae Metallic wood-boring beetle and Mountain winterberry Mountain winterberry May beetle May beetle Long-tailed weasel Long-tailed weasel Broad-winged hawk Producer to primary consumer Hairy woodpecker Primary to secondary consumer Gray squirrel White oak White-footed mouse Secondary to higher-level consumer White-tailed deer All producers and consumers to decomposers Shagbark hickory Racer Fungi Wood frog Bacteria

37. Temperate deciduous forest Moderate, ave temps, abundant rain, long, warm summers Deciduous trees Few species of trees Sunlight penetrates canopy Thick layer of leaf litter Bears, wolves, deer Tree plantations (one type of tree) Migratory birds

38. Great horned owl Great horned owl Marten Marten White spruce White spruce Pine sawyer beetle and larvae Pine sawyer beetle and larvae Blue jay Producer to primary consumer Primary to secondary consumer Balsam fir Moose Secondary to higher-level consumer Wolf Bebb willow All producers and consumers to decomposers Snowshoe hare Fungi Starflower Bunchberry Bacteria

39. Evergreen coniferous forests (boreal) South of arctic tundra Long, dry extremely cold winters 6-8 hrs. of sunlight in winter 19 hrs. of sunlight in summer Coniferous trees (spruce, fir) Slow decomposition High soil acidity

40. High-elevated forest Dramatic changes w/altitude Prone to erosion when vegetation is removed Great habitats/sanctuary for animals Help regulate climate Snow peaks reflect solar radiation Big part of hydrologic cycle Under pressure from humans Mountain biomes