Chapter 15

1. Chapter 15 Medieval Europe (The Middle Ages)

2. Section 1 Overview • Roman Empire breaks apart after 476 A.D. • European economy begins to rebound after the fall of Rome. • Mediterranean Sea, Atlantic Ocean, and the Rhine, Danube, Vistula, Volga, Seine, and Po rivers are key.

4. Video Introduction • http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=pygLvyDdewU • http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=F2a3o1-FuvY • http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=PrQgiWU-OAI&feature=related • http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=3EgWb_89Uow • http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=-fadCAHjN-s • http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Xff4Z5xMMro • http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=KA6nij1kdjE • http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=9V7zbWNznbs

5. Section 1 DO NOW!!! • Go get your books! • Page 513 Using Geography Skills #1 and #2 • Start bringing your books every day!

6. Vocabulary Builder • Fjord (fee-AWRD) – steep-sided valley that is an inlet of the sea • Missionary – person who travels to carry idea of a religion to others • Excommunicate – to declare that a person or group no longer belongs to a church • Concordat – agreement between the pope ands the ruler of a country

7. Germanic Kingdoms • Adopted many Roman ways. • Anglo-Saxons • After Rome left the Angles and Saxons invaded Britain from Denmark and German • Pushed the Celts to the northwest mountains (today they are the Scottish, Welsh, and Irish) • Franks • Settled the area we today know as France • Famous for having the first German Catholic King • He won the support of the Romans in his kingdom and soon converted nearly all of his people to Catholicism.

8. German Franks • After King Clovis’s death his sons divided the kingdom amongst themselves. • This led to fighting • Nobles started to assume royal duties while the kings were at war • Charles Martel • Most powerful “mayor of the palace” • Wanted to reunite all the nobles under his rule So what do we have to do?

9. DO NOW!!! • 1) Sit Down quickly and quietly • 2) Open your books to page 517 • No going to your locker for your book you were told yesterday to bring it every day • 3) Do not say a word, your cooperation will be graded • 4) If you read this last step and are seated within 3 minutes of the start of class you get a “100” for a class participation grade today, if you don’t it’s a “0” • 5) Do not tell your friends about this task just sit down and do not talk!!!

10. Charles Martel • Europe was torn between Muslims and Christians • Muslims had conquered North Africa, Spain, and Southern France by 732A.D. • Charles Martel led a Christian army against them and defeated the invaders at the Battle of Tours • Won the support of the pope • When Charles died his son Pepin became “mayor of the palace” • Thanks to the pope and allied Frankish nobles Pepin was declared King of the Franks

11. Creation of the Papal States • Pepin supported Christianity and the pope who helped crown him. • Soon after his crowning, the Lombards, threatened the pope and his power • Pepin led his army into Italy and destroyed the Lombards • All conquered land was donated to the pope who in turn began to rule it as if he were king Holy Roman Empire was Born!!!

12. Charlemagne • Son of Pepin, originally named Charles after his grandfather Charles Martel • While king he aided the pope time and again in battle Conquered: • Lombards – Tried to re-conquer Papal States region • Saxons – Inhabited Eastern Germany, trying to expand the pope’s control • Saxons were forced to convert to Christianity • Muslims – Retook Spain from Muslim control

13. Charlemagne • Christmas day in 800 A.D. Pope Leo III crowned “Charles the Great” AKA, Charlemagne as the new Roman Emperor in the Church of St. Peter • Aachen (AH – kuhn) was declared the capital

14. DO NOW • Write 2 facts that you hear about Charlemagne in the video that I am about to play • http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=AlGAQ3pLnx8

15. Holy Roman Emperor • Did not want people to think pope had all the power • Feared it would lead to the upheaval of government What did Charlemagne do? • Set up unbiased Courts • Started a system of education for children

16. Courts • Enforced laws written by Charlemagne himself • Run by nobles (who were educated) • Inspected by “the lord’s messengers” to ensure duties were being conducted properly What kinds of laws do you think were upheld in Charlemagne’s courts?

17. Education • Inspired by the concept of learning to read and write • Why? • Scholar named Alcuin (Al – kwuhn) was ordered to set up a school in the royal palace for children of government officials • Studied religion, Latin, music, literature, and arithmetic

18. Linking Rome and Europe http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=h0tLOQUq7T4&feature=results_main&playnext=1&list=PLB270B7C6D1F7E955

19. Feudalism • Developed by Charles Martel • Bribed nobles to lend him their castle’s, resources, and knights • Rewarded them with land

20. Vocabulary Builder • Feudalism – political system based on bonds of loyalty between lords and vassals • Vassal – A noble who held land from and serves a higher-ranking lord, and in return was given protection • Fief – The land a lord granted to a vassal in exchange for military service and loyalty • Knight – A noble warrior who fought on horseback • Serf – Peasant laborer bound by law top the land of a noble • Guild – Medieval business group formed by craftspeople and merchants

21. Role of Vassals and Knights • How did vassals show their loyalty? • By serving the lords/nobles army and in return the lord/noble would grant him land. • What made Europe a strong feudal society? • It was their knights equipped with heavy armor and weapons also because of vassals and the lords keeping strong ties with each other.

22. What was the Manorial System? • What was the difference between the free peasants and the serfs? • Free peasants had to pay nobles to farm the land, they had rights and could move wherever and whenever they wanted. • Serfs could not leave the manor or marry without the lords approval however the lords could not sell the serfs or take the land given to them. Lords also had to protect them.

23. What Was The Manorial System • How did serfs gain their freedom? • It was not easy, they could run away town to town for more than 1 full year he was considered free. Serfs could also eventually buy their freedom.

24. How did Farming Improve? • What allowed horses to pull a plow? • The invention of the horse collar. • How many fields were in the field rotation system? • The peasants had 3 fields in the rotation, 2 were being used, 1 was always fallow.

25. How Did Nobles Live? • What was a knight expected to do? • Protect the people, do good deeds for women, rule fairly, fight fair (no peasants), fight for honor, practice fighting, obey the lord, obey the church, honest • Follow the rules of Chivalry • What was the center of the manor? • The castle

26. What was Peasant Life Like? • How were free peasants different from nobles economically and socially? • Economically they were very poor compared to nobles, socially peasants were less important to royalty compared to nobles • What did peasants eat? • Dark bread, fruit, nuts, veggies, eggs, grains, oats, peas, fish, occasionally meat.

27. Trade and Cities • After the Roman empire fell trade took a major downswing. • Roads and bridges fell into despair, the Mediterranean trade slowed down, and interaction with foreign countries faded • Cities slowly began to fall into ruins from lack of upkeep and money for growth, leaving economic room to new cities to grow from the ground up

28. What Was City Life Like • Why did cities often have a foul odor and unhealthy breathing conditions? • Overcrowded Cities • Candles and fireplaces used for heat and light • Cheap coal was used by poor people • Animal waste dumped into rivers • Trash dumped on streets • Why could medieval women live independent lives? • Could run a business • Many became brewers, weavers, and hat makers • Had great money management skills

29. Chapter 15 Section 3 Kingdoms and Crusades

30. DO NOW • Page 538 “Using Geography Skills” #1 and #2 • I will come around and check it 5 minutes after the bell rings! No exceptions! • Prepare to remain quiet and working for the next several days so we can catch up to the other classes!

31. Vocabulary Builder • Grand Jury – a group that decided whether there is enough evidence to accuse a person of a crime • Trial Jury – a group that decided whether and accused person was innocent or guilty • Clergy – religious officials, such and priests, given authority to conduct religious services

32. Overview • We will talk about: • France • England • Eastern Europe and Russia • The Crusades • The transformation of Europe • The Church

33. Kingdom of France • A.D. 814 – Charlemagne dies • Holy Roman Empire is left to his son Louis • By A.D. 843 Louis has 3 sons all wanting control and the Empire divides into 3 parts in the Treaty of Verdun • France, England, and The Holy Roman Empire • No clear leader of France ever emerges, • Fighting nobles keep the country from unifying

34. Finally in A.D. 987 Hugh Capet is chosen by Frankish nobles to be the first Capetian King controlling the area around Paris A.D. 1180 Philip II becomes king and starts to reclaim coastal areas of the old Frankish empire from the English King A.D. 1302 Philip IV is king and establishes the Estates-General (France’s first Parliament) As a result 3 classes of people were established Clergy Nobles Peasants All were represented in the Estates-General Kingdom of France

35. Kingdom of France

36. England aka “Angleland” • England after Charlemagne • Weak until King Alfred of Wessex (Alfred the Great) united the Angles and the Saxons • Created “Angleland” • Alfred ruled from 871 to 899 • Built schools and rewrote Latin books in Anglo-Saxon

37. The Good Education in England was pretty good English created their own culture and identity The Bad After Alfred England’s rulers were mostly weak and insignificant Within just 2 years the Vikings were successfully raiding English land By A.D. 1000 the Vikings controlled Normandy Ruled by William of Normandy England after Alfred

38. DO NOW • We learned that France had established the trial jury in the Middle Ages. Unfortunately, in many instances for the accused, the same jurors were selected (not elected) again and again because of their wisdom or status in society. What do you think are some of the disadvantages of having the same people serve on juries time after time? List 3 disadvantages.

39. William of Normandy • Cousin of King Edward of England • Ruler of the Norseman • Normandy • Claimed the throne of England when Edward died • Was contested by Harold Godwinson, and English noble

40. William becomes the Conqueror • William and Harold go to war over English crown • 1066 William and his knights invade England • Defeats Harold at the Battle of Hastings • William becomes William the Conqueror and the King of England

41. English Culture • Under William the English adopt many Norman ways which influence their culture • New artisan skills • Weaving • Many English ways were kept as well • System of Law • Law enforcement

42. Henry II and Common Law • Henry II set up a court system to increase his power and the nation’s stability • Trained lawyers and judges to carry out his “Common Law” • Set up a travellingGrand and Trial jury to decide on the guilt of accused people

43. “The Great Charter” aka Magna Carta • 1199 John, son of Henry II becomes king • Raised taxes and punished his enemies without trial, essentially ending Common Law • Many nobles resented King John and in 1215 force him to sign the Magna Carta • Established: • Tax collection Laws • Right to Fair Trial by jury of equals (peers) • Habeas Corpus • Specific rights and duties of kings and vassals • This eventually lead to the first Parliament under Edward I in the late 1200s

44. The Crusades • The “Holy War” • Middle Ages for the Byzantines • Constantly under attack from the Muslim Turks in Asia Minor • Economically unstable • Dwindling Population

45. Pope Urban II’s Cry for Help • Byzantines were falling to the Turks • Why does the pope care? • 1095, Pope Urban II asks Europe’s lords to launch a crusade (holy war) against the Muslim Turks

46. Pope Urban II’s Speech • “Jerusalem is the navel of the world….This is the land which the Redeemer of mankind illuminated by his coming….This royal city, situated in the middle of the world, is now held captive by his enemies….It looks and hopes for freedom; it begs unceasingly that you will come to its aid”

47. DO NOW!!! • Using what you know about religion then and now, compare religion in the middle ages to religion today in as many ways as you can come up with.

48. Section 4 Vocabulary Builder • Mass –catholic worship service • Heresy –belief that differs from or contradicts the accepted teachings of a religion • Anti-Semitism –hatred of Jews • Theology –the study of religion and God • Scholasticism –medieval way of thinking that tried to bring together reason and faith in studies of religion • Vernacular –everyday language used in a country or region

49. Medieval Religion in a Nutshell • 1050 - 1150AD: huge religious movement in Western Europe. • Monasteries with groups of priests, monks and nuns started popping up everywhere. • Sunday became the standard religious day where people attended mass where they practiced sacraments and prayed to saints.

50. Women: Many nobles entered convents to study and become nuns. Ex: Hildegard of Bingen headed a convent that composed music for the Church. Historically a man’s job!!! Men: Many aspired to be monks and Friars. Monks worked the land, studied, worshiped and prayed Friars lived in towns and promoted Christianity Ex: Bernard of Clairvaux and his Cistercian monks promoted the Second Crusade. Impact of Religious Movement