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Earth: The Water Planet

Earth: The Water Planet. Hydrologic Cycle. Hydrologic Cycle: Conservation of Mass. Atmosphere 12.7. {+40}. {-40}. 73. 113. 373. 413. Surface Water 300. 30-38. Ocean 1,335,040. 2-10. Groundwater 15,300. {40}. Reservoir Volumes: 1000 km 3. Fluxes: 1000 km 3 / yr.

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Earth: The Water Planet

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  1. Earth: The Water Planet

  2. Hydrologic Cycle

  3. Hydrologic Cycle: Conservation of Mass Atmosphere 12.7 {+40} {-40} 73 113 373 413 Surface Water 300 30-38 Ocean 1,335,040 2-10 Groundwater 15,300 {40} Reservoir Volumes: 1000 km3 Fluxes: 1000 km3/yr Residence Time = Volume/Flux (yr)

  4. Simplest Model: Q = C R_i A (Storm Response)

  5. What Sets Flood Discharge (thus shear stress exerted on the bed)?

  6. Runoff Essentials • Simple Empirical Model: Q = C R_i A • Runoff Pathways – basic properties and controls, hydrograph implications • Infiltration Capacity (velocity) • The Importance of Saturation State • The Variable Source Area Concept

  7. Runoff Essentials • Simple Empirical Model: Q = C R_i A • Runoff Pathways – basic properties and controls, hydrograph implications • Infiltration Capacity (velocity) • The Importance of Saturation State • The Variable Source Area Concept

  8. What is Hydraulic Head? • The total force driving flow of groundwater • Why does Water stay still in a cup or bowl? • What can make water in pipes flow? • Elevation: flow downhill (gravity) • Pressure: use pumps to create pressure and drive water uphill (or just faster) • Elevation Head + Pressure Head • GW Elevation head = elevation * density * gravity (potential energy per unit volume) • GW Pressure head = weight of overlying water (per unit volume)

  9. Darcy’s Law • Darcy’s law provides an accurate description of the flow of ground water in almost all hydrogeologic environments. • = the basis of a pretty good job

  10. Darcy’s Law V = – K (∆h/∆L) Q = VA (A = cross-section area) Q = – KA (∆h/∆L) Q/A = – K (∆h/ ∆L)

  11. Darcy’s Experiment (1856): Flow rate determined by Difference in Hydraulic Head per flow path length { Dh/Dl = (h1 – h2)/Dl } Group Project: Sketch Out What Darcy Did to Discover His Famous Equation Extra Credit to first Team that can make a sketch of experimental data that would support Darcy’s Law and satisfactorily explain it to me

  12. Sketch of Experimental Data Dh/Dl ? ?

  13. Rainfall Intensity and Initial Conditions Vivoni et al. (2007)

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