Chapter 19: Approaches to Teaching and Learning

1. Chapter 19: Approaches to Teaching and Learning Child Care Today,Chapter 19: Approaches to Teaching and Learning • Children have many different styles of learning and intelligence. • Children learn best when lessons are adapted to their learning styles or intelligence.

2. Chapter 19: Approaches to Teaching and Learning • manipulatives • core learning skills • intelligence quotient • multiple intelligences • teachable moments • open-ended materials • close-ended materials • curriculum • developmentally appropriate curriculum • facilitate • outcome • intentional teaching • scaffolding • objectives • Bloom’s Taxonomy • project approach • Reggio Emilia Approach • theme • lesson plan • open-ended questions Child Care Today,Chapter 19: Approaches to Teaching and Learning

3. Chapter 19: Approaches to Teaching and Learning Teaching Children Because children need hands-on experiences, teachers should provide many manipulatives to develop skills and to stimulate thinking. Child Care Today,Chapter 19: Approaches to Teaching and Learning manipulatives Toys and materials that children can handle and change with their hands.

4. Chapter 19: Approaches to Teaching and Learning How Children Learn Child Care Today,Chapter 19: Approaches to Teaching and Learning • Children learn best by doing. • Children learn best when using their senses. • Children learn through trial and error. • Children learn best when all areas of development are nurtured. • Children learn through positive reinforcement and self-motivation. • Children acquire and experiment with new behaviors through imitation and role modeling.

5. Chapter 19: Approaches to Teaching and Learning Core Learning Skills Early childhood teachers can nurture corelearningskills by providing children with a variety of daily activities that can be applied to real life. Child Care Today,Chapter 19: Approaches to Teaching and Learning core learning skills Life skills that affect learning during childhood and throughout the life span.

6. Chapter 19: Approaches to Teaching and Learning Core Learning Skills • Ellen Galinsky’s core skills for effective learning: Child Care Today,Chapter 19: Approaches to Teaching and Learning • Skill 1: Focus and Control • Skill 2: Perspective Taking • Skill 3: Communication • Skill 4: Making Connections • Skill 5: Critical Thinking • Skill 6: Taking On Challenges • Skill 7: Self-Directed, Engaged Learning

7. Chapter 19: Approaches to Teaching and Learning Learning Styles Child Care Today,Chapter 19: Approaches to Teaching and Learning • There is no single right way to learn. • Perceptual styles of learning: • Visual (observation) • Auditory (listening) • Tactile (touching) • Kinesthetic (movement) • Social (interaction) • Independent (few distractions)

8. Chapter 19: Approaches to Teaching and Learning Characteristics of Different Learning Styles Child Care Today,Chapter 19: Approaches to Teaching and Learning

9. Chapter 19: Approaches to Teaching and Learning Multiple Intelligences Intelligencequotient (IQ) tests do not account for musical ability or physical competence. Child Care Today,Chapter 19: Approaches to Teaching and Learning intelligence quotient A standardized test used to measure the ratio between a person’s mental age and chronological age.

10. Chapter 19: Approaches to Teaching and Learning Multiple Intelligences It was previously believed that there was only one kind of human intelligence, but Dr. Howard Gardner recognized that people can have multipleintelligences. Child Care Today,Chapter 19: Approaches to Teaching and Learning multiple intelligences The theory that people vary in terms of intelligence and learning strengths.

11. Chapter 19: Approaches to Teaching and Learning Multiple Intelligences • Children learn better when teachers plan activities based on unique intelligences: Child Care Today,Chapter 19: Approaches to Teaching and Learning • Linguistic • Logical-Mathematical • Spatial • Bodily-Kinesthetic • Musical • Interpersonal • Intrapersonal • Naturalistic

12. Chapter 19: Approaches to Teaching and Learning Group and Peer Learning Child Care Today,Chapter 19: Approaches to Teaching and Learning • The number of children, age ranges, and ability levels affects teaching and learning. • Classroom grouping types: • same-age grouping • developmental grouping • mixed-age grouping

13. Chapter 19: Approaches to Teaching and Learning Learning Through Play Children learn through play, so classroom teachers must facilitate play without controlling it. Child Care Today,Chapter 19: Approaches to Teaching and Learning facilitate To make something easier to do; to help bring about something without controlling it.

14. Chapter 19: Approaches to Teaching and Learning Learning Through Play Sometimes it is beneficial to stray from a planned activity when a teachablemoment arises. Child Care Today,Chapter 19: Approaches to Teaching and Learning teachable moment Unplanned opportunities for learning.

15. Chapter 19: Approaches to Teaching and Learning Learning Through Play Matching games, snap beads, puzzles, and stringing beads are activities for which the outcome is specific and predictable. Child Care Today,Chapter 19: Approaches to Teaching and Learning outcome Result.

16. Chapter 19: Approaches to Teaching and Learning Learning Through Play Open-endedmaterials can be used in a variety of ways, so they are suitable for learning in mixed-age groups. Child Care Today,Chapter 19: Approaches to Teaching and Learning open-ended materials Items that can be used in a variety of ways, with no single correct result.

17. Chapter 19: Approaches to Teaching and Learning Learning Through Play Closed-endedmaterials, such as puzzles and sewing cards, help children learn how to follow directions. Child Care Today,Chapter 19: Approaches to Teaching and Learning closed-ended materials Items that are to be used primarily in one way, with an expected result.

18. Chapter 19: Approaches to Teaching and Learning Learning Through Play Child Care Today,Chapter 19: Approaches to Teaching and Learning • Children learn through play. • More complex play encourages a greater attention span, creativity, and cooperation. • Authentic assessment is observing and participating in natural play situations in order to assess children’s growth and development. • Attentive teachers take advantage of teachable moments. • Teachers should offer both open-ended and close-ended materials.

19. Chapter 19: Approaches to Teaching and Learning Curriculum Planning for Children When learning activities are carefully developed as part of the curriculum framework, children receive relevant educational experiences. Child Care Today,Chapter 19: Approaches to Teaching and Learning curriculum The experiences and activities that support and guide children’s learning.

20. Chapter 19: Approaches to Teaching and Learning Curriculum Planning for Children A developmentallyappropriatecurriculum is especially important in early childhood programs. Child Care Today,Chapter 19: Approaches to Teaching and Learning developmentally appropriate curriculum Curriculum activities geared to the varying abilities and levels of development of a whole group of children.

21. Chapter 19: Approaches to Teaching and Learning Curriculum Planning for Children Child care professionals apply intentionalteaching strategies when they offer activities that encourage children to build upon knowledge and skills already mastered. Child Care Today,Chapter 19: Approaches to Teaching and Learning intentional teaching Planned activities that are responsive to individual children’s abilities and needs.

22. Chapter 19: Approaches to Teaching and Learning The Intentional Teacher Child Care Today,Chapter 19: Approaches to Teaching and Learning • Early childhood classrooms require a developmentally appropriate curriculum. • The strategy of intentional teaching is used to plan activities that are responsive to individual children’s abilities and needs. • Intentional planning ensures that learning is suited to a child’s temperament, learning style, abilities, and interests.

23. Chapter 19: Approaches to Teaching and Learning The Intentional Teacher Scaffolding requires teachers to carefully design and conduct activities that gradually build onto the foundation of information or skills children already have. Child Care Today,Chapter 19: Approaches to Teaching and Learning scaffolding Building the support needed for emerging concepts or skills.

24. Chapter 19: Approaches to Teaching and Learning Building a Strong Curriculum Child Care Today,Chapter 19: Approaches to Teaching and Learning • A strong curriculum • requires well-planned activities. • is stimulating and varied. • is not repetitive and boring. • is balanced. • integrates cultural diversity and bilingual development.

25. Chapter 19: Approaches to Teaching and Learning Building a Strong Curriculum When teachers identify learning objectives, they remember to keep in mind what skills, abilities, knowledge, or attitudes they expect children to develop or to master during an activity. Child Care Today,Chapter 19: Approaches to Teaching and Learning objectives Outcomes for children to achieve or to experience through participation in a specific curriculum activity.

26. Chapter 19: Approaches to Teaching and Learning Building a Strong Curriculum Teachers can use Bloom’sTaxonomy as a guideline for developing appropriate learning strategies for each level of a child’s development. Child Care Today,Chapter 19: Approaches to Teaching and Learning Bloom’s Taxonomy A ranking of educational objectives for intellectual development, from very basic to more complex thinking skills.

27. Chapter 19: Approaches to Teaching and Learning Building a Strong Curriculum Setting Goals and Objectives Child Care Today,Chapter 19: Approaches to Teaching and Learning • Curriculum is planned to meet program goals. • Objectives support goals that relate to all areas of development, including social, intellectual, emotional, and physical development. • Teachers use Bloom’s Taxonomy to help set appropriate objectives.

28. Chapter 19: Approaches to Teaching and Learning Approaches to Teaching Child Care Today,Chapter 19: Approaches to Teaching and Learning • Teachers in charge of classrooms do most of the curriculum planning. • Because early childhood classrooms have a variety of staff, team planning is common. • Some programs include parents in curriculum planning. • Larger programs may have a curriculum coordinator who leads and supervises classroom planning.

29. Chapter 19: Approaches to Teaching and Learning Approaches to Teaching For the projectapproach to be effective, project topics must stem from children’s own interests and questions and generate children’s enthusiasm and curiosity. Child Care Today,Chapter 19: Approaches to Teaching and Learning project approach Child care professionals conduct projects that allow children to explore in developmentally appropriate ways.

30. Chapter 19: Approaches to Teaching and Learning Approaches to Teaching Project Approach Child Care Today,Chapter 19: Approaches to Teaching and Learning • The project topic is chosen both by children and teachers. Teachers should keep in mind • grouping children. • project goals. • selecting topics. • using resources. • field trips. • gathering, organizing, and representing information. • assessing project learning.

31. Chapter 19: Approaches to Teaching and Learning Approaches to Teaching Named after a town in northern Italy, the ReggioEmiliaApproach has been a strong inspiration for using the project approach around the world. Child Care Today,Chapter 19: Approaches to Teaching and Learning ReggioEmiliaApproach A style of teaching associated with Reggio Emilia school.

32. Chapter 19: Approaches to Teaching and Learning Approaches to Teaching Reggio Emilia Approach Child Care Today,Chapter 19: Approaches to Teaching and Learning • Children are considered competent, capable, and motivated learners, full of potential. • Collaborative learning is stressed. • The physical environment is purposefully designed and organized. • Curriculum is project based, so children independently and cooperatively investigate topics. • Children construct projects and represent learning in a variety of creative ways across curriculum areas.

33. Chapter 19: Approaches to Teaching and Learning Approaches to Teaching A theme, such as colors, shapes, numbers, or letters, is often used to teach specific concepts. Child Care Today,Chapter 19: Approaches to Teaching and Learning theme One central topic selected by the teacher.

34. Chapter 19: Approaches to Teaching and Learning Approaches to Teaching Theme Approach Child Care Today,Chapter 19: Approaches to Teaching and Learning • A theme, or thematic unit approach, is selected by the teacher to entice all the children. • Themes are usually broad topics rather than specific topics. • Teachers develop theme activities for each curriculum area.

35. Chapter 19: Approaches to Teaching and Learning Implementing Curriculum Child Care Today,Chapter 19: Approaches to Teaching and Learning • Teachers often borrow bits and pieces from a variety of approaches. • Regardless of the curriculum approach used, curriculum is implemented to encourage children’s basic learning skills. • Children need many different chances to show their understanding of concepts and topics.

36. Chapter 19: Approaches to Teaching and Learning Implementing Curriculum Scheduling Curriculum Activities Child Care Today,Chapter 19: Approaches to Teaching and Learning • Regular routines form the core of the schedule. • The remaining time is reserved for activities.

37. Chapter 19: Approaches to Teaching and Learning Developing Lesson Plans A teacher’s great idea must be transformed into a lessonplan before it can become a classroom activity. Child Care Today,Chapter 19: Approaches to Teaching and Learning lesson plan A detailed, written explanation of an activity, including the purpose, any materials needed, the step-by-step method for carrying out the activity, evaluation of the activity, and possible related follow-up activities to reinforce the learning objectives.

38. Chapter 19: Approaches to Teaching and Learning Developing Lesson Plans Child Care Today,Chapter 19: Approaches to Teaching and Learning • Lesson plans • are organizational tools. • enable teachers to work through their ideas mentally and on paper. • help teachers apply learning theories. • help teachers identify stimulating learning environments and set up logical learning procedures.

39. Chapter 19: Approaches to Teaching and Learning Teaching Styles Child Care Today,Chapter 19: Approaches to Teaching and Learning • Teachers need to be aware of their own teaching styles. • Lesson plans may have to change to meet children’s temperaments, developmental needs, or abilities.

40. Chapter 19: Approaches to Teaching and Learning Teaching Styles • Integrating Style • Teaching styles become integrated with the activity. • Beliefs of Teachers • What a teacher believes about children and how they learn can affect children’s learning. • Benefits of Different Styles • When teachers with different styles interact with children, children learn in different ways and develop respect for diversity. Child Care Today,Chapter 19: Approaches to Teaching and Learning

41. Chapter 19: Approaches to Teaching and Learning Encouraging Creativity Child Care Today,Chapter 19: Approaches to Teaching and Learning • To foster creativity and resourcefulness, • provide the freedom to explore materials. • accept creativity. • offer a variety of learning materials. • encourage the use of children’s own ideas. • allow children time and support for problem solving. • build self-esteem. • take advantage of opportunities to let children apply creative thinking during activities.

42. Chapter 19: Approaches to Teaching and Learning Encouraging Creativity Open-endedquestions, such as “Why is the boy in the story excited?” and “What’s a different way you could put these pictures together?” tend to encourage creativity. Child Care Today,Chapter 19: Approaches to Teaching and Learning open-ended questions Questions that require more than a yes or no answer.