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Understanding Protein Synthesis and the Genetic Code in A-Level Biology

This multimedia presentation by James Bowles provides an in-depth exploration of protein synthesis and the genetic code, tailored for A-Level Biology students. It covers the sequence of bases that determines amino acid order, explaining the concept of triplets and their degeneracy. The presentation details the stages of protein synthesis: transcription, activation of amino acids, and translation, highlighting the roles of RNA polymerase, tRNA, and ribosomes in the process. Key insights on the universal and non-overlapping nature of the genetic code are also included.

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Understanding Protein Synthesis and the Genetic Code in A-Level Biology

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  1. BIOLOGY PRESENTATIONS FOR A-LEVEL, IN MULTIMEDIA JAMES BOWLES, 2001 LEFT CLICK OR PRESS SPACE BAR TO ADVANCE, PRESS P BUTTON TO GO BACK, PRESS ESC BUTTON TO END

  2. ‘A’ Level Biology Protein Synthesis

  3. The Genetic Code The sequence of bases determines the order of amino acids in a protein

  4. The Genetic Code The code is read in Triplets of bases U A A G C G U A U U G G C A U This gives 64 combinations of the 4 bases

  5. The Genetic Code Each triplet is read as a discrete unit U A A G C G U A U U G G C A U It is a non-overlapping code

  6. G U U G U C • G U A G U G The Genetic Code It is a Degenerate code Valine Most amino acids have more than one triplet coding for them

  7. U A A • U A G U G A The Genetic Code There is also punctuation in the code Stop code

  8. Codons code for the same amino acid in all organisms The Genetic Code The code is universal

  9. Protein Synthesis Protein synthesis occurs in three stages: • Transcription • Activation of Amino Acids • Translation

  10. Transcription Part of the DNA molecule unwinds

  11. Transcription RNA polymerase attaches at a start codon

  12. Transcription RNA polymerase moves along the DNA catalysing the production of mRNA

  13. Transcription At the stop codon the RNA polymerase and mRNA detach from the DNA

  14. Activation of Amino Acids Met Amino Acids combine with tRNA U A C

  15. Activation of Amino Acids Met This process utilises specific enzymes and ATP is hydrolysed U A C

  16. A U G G C G U A U U G G C A U Translation A ribosome attaches to a length of mRNA

  17. Met Met Met Met Met U A C U A C U A C U A C U A C A U G G C G U A U U G G C A U Translation tRNA with corresponding anticodon fits in the ribosome

  18. Ala Ala Ala Met Ala C G C C G C C G C C G C U A C A U G G C G U A U U G G C A U Translation A second piece of tRNA fits into the ribosome

  19. Met C G C U A C A U G G C G U A U U G G C A U Translation Ala A peptide bond forms between the amino acids

  20. Met U A C C G C A U G G C G U A U U G G C A U Translation The ribosome moves along one codon Ala C G C

  21. U A C U A C U A C C G C A U G G C G U A U U G G C A U Translation Met Ala The first piece of tRNA is released C G C

  22. C G C A U G G C G U A U U G G C A U Translation Met Ala The 1st amino acid remains in place C G C

  23. Tyr Tyr Tyr Tyr A U A A U A A U A A U A C G C A U G G C G U A U U G G C A U Translation Met Ala The process is repeated C G C

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