What are sex and gender?

1. What are sex and gender?

2. Biological: sex FEMALE  MALE • Determined at birth • Reproductive organs • Body type, hormones, etc. • Binary by social definition • About 2% “deviation from the ideal male or female” • .1%-.2% have surgery

3. Population sex distribution Male Female Intersex

4. Social: gender WOMAN  MAN • Determined by socialization • Variable across time/place • Division of labor • Family / reproduction • Exceptions makes the rules • Men (almost) always dominate

5. Gender attitudes • Sexism: seeing women as inferior, e.g., WOMEN MEN sensitive tough dependent independent weak strong emotional logical

7. U.S. Sex Ratio, 2000

8. Gender and health • Rich countries: Women live longer • Men die more from behaviors and work Deaths per 100,000 (USA, 2000) Source: NCHS, Health United States, 2002

9. Gender and health • Rich countries: Women live longer • Access to reproductive health Maternal mortality per 100,000 live births (USA, 2000) Source: NCHS, Health United States, 2002

10. Percent with any disability, 2000

11. Percent with any disability, 2000

12. Percent with any disability, 2000

13. Women in the labor force Source: Marger (1999), p. 309.

14. Why more employed women? • Push out from the family • Increased need to work for pay • Men’s lower wages and employment • But before 1970s, women’s employment rose even though men’s wages were going up • Later marriage, more single motherhood, more divorce • But employment rates rose more for women with less need (higher education)

15. Why more employed women? • Pull into the labor market • Increased labor market opportunity • Increased access to higher education • Jobs in the new service economy • Less discrimination

16. Women’s educational advance Source: Marger (1999), p. 321.

17. Women’s labor force participation Source: Cohen's calculations from IPUMS.

18. Women’s earnings are growing faster Source: Cohen's calculation from Current Population Surveys.

19. But the gender gap remains high Source: Cohen's calculation from Current Population Surveys.

20. Partly because of gender segregation Source: Cohen’s calculations from Current Population Survey

21. Most female-dominated occupations Earnings % Female Secretaries & administrative assistants 26,856 97 Receptionists & information clerks 21,429 94 Child care workers 13,891 94 Bookkeeping account & audit clerks 24,447 92 Registered nurses 45,272 90 Nurses & home health aides 18,833 89 Maids & housekeepers/cleaners 13,891 86 Elementary & middle school teachers 36,217 79 Cashiers 15,392 75 Customer svc representatives 25,930 70 Average earnings24,216 2003-4 Current Population Survey, Cohen calculations ($1999, ftfy workers)

22. Most male-dominated occupations Earnings % Female Carpenters 25,352 1 Automotive svc techs & mechanics 27,163 1 Sups/mgrs, construction/extraction 40,745 2 Construction laborers 21,730 2 Driver/sales wks & truck drivers 31,486 3 Laborers & material movers 22,636 15 Sups/mgrs, production & operation 36,217 21 Chief executives 86,922 21 Sales representatives, services 45,272 23 Sups/mgrs, non-retail sales 42,555 24 Average earnings38,008 2003-4 Current Population Survey, Cohen calculations ($1999, ftfy workers)

23. Segregation by race/ethnicity and gender Most common occupations MEN WOMEN White Manager Secretary Black Truck driver Nursing aid Latino Truck driver Maids/cleaners Asian Software eng. RNs Cohen Calculations, 2003-4 March CPS.

25. Gender gaps by race/ethnicity 66% of men 82% of men 79% of men Source: March Current Population Survey (1999).

26. Gender inequality at home Percentage of married women earning more than their husbands Source: March Current Population Survey.

27. Housework hours in married couples Source: Bianchi et al 2000, p. 209.

28. Wife / husband ratio of weekly hours Source: Bianchi et al 2000, p. 209.