Chapter 2/3

1. Chapter 2/3 This Power Point contains the following: • Middle Passage Review • Reasons for immigration Review • Laws established/English Laws Review • Great Awakening/Enlightenment Review • 7 Reasons for American Revolution • American Revolution battles • Federalists/Anti-Federalists

2. The Atlantic Slave Trade • Points to remember: African slaves used in the Americas because: • Native American slaves die from exhaustion or disease. There still remained a desperate need for labor. • African Slaves were used to agricultural work, resisted many diseases and were not as likely to run away as Native Americans.

3. The Atlantic Slave Trade • African slaves were trade in Africa for guns, supplies and Rum. • The Triangular Trade existed between Africa, The Americas and Europe. • 1st leg: from Europe to Africa • 2nd leg: Africa to Americans • 3rd leg: Americas to Europe

4. The Middle Passage • The 2nd leg of the trip-sailing across the Atlantic Ocean. • Captive Africans chained together, forced into dark, cramped quarters below ship’s decks. • Journey lasted three to six weeks, ten to twenty percent did not survive

5. The English Colonies-Virginia Who came and why? • English Catholics came because they were persecuted by those practicing under King Henry’s Church of England. (or Anglican Church) • The Puritans: A Protestant group that wanted to “purify” or reform(improve) the Anglican Church. • The Pilgrims (a separatist group) left England to escape persecution. • The Pilgrims were “immigrants” or people who leave the country of their birth to live in another country.

6. New Colony Laws • The Toleration Act of 1649: Catholics and Protestants started to fight over religion. Maryland passed a law making it a crime to restrict religious rights of Christians. • Slave Codes: Most southern colonies passed laws to control slaves. ex. Slaves could hold no meetings or own weapons. Some states refused to free slaves.

7. New Colony Laws • Mayflower Compact: Nov. 21, 1620. 41 pilgrims of the Mayflower created a legal document in which they agreed to have fair laws to protect the general good. • This was one of the first attempts to a self-government (no king!) in the English settlement. • In late 1620 the Mayflower landed in Plymouth, Massachusetts.

8. Life in the English Colonies • The English Colonies each has their own government, but the English Monarch (king) had ultimate authority. • Some colonies elected representatives to help make laws and set policy. • In New England the center of politics was the town meeting-here people met and decided on local issues.

9. Changes in English Laws • 1215 The Magna Carta was issued to limit the power of the English King John. John was a tyrant who abused his power. The Magna Carta ensured no unfair imprisonment/ trial by jury. • 1689 English Bill of Rights-Again, reduced the power of the King. (King James wanted more power over colonists)

10. New Ideas-The Great Awakening • Population growth in the colonies led religious leaders to try and spread religious feelings throughout the colonies. • Many colonists experienced “a great awakening” in their religious lives. • The Great Awakening was a religious movement throughout the colonies in the 1730’s and 1740’s. Preachers promoted spiritual equality which began people to think about political equality. “Everyone is equal in the eyes of the Lord”

11. George Whitefield “Everyone is Equal in the Eyes of the Lord!” First true Evangelist! Whitefield was an educated man and believed everyone needed to experience a re-birth in Jesus Christ. Spoke to crowds of 10,000 plus with no microphone!

12. Enlightenment • 1600s Europeans began to re-examine the their world. Scientist began to understand natural laws. It changed the way people thought of the world. • Colonists were also influenced by the Enlightenment. This movement spread the idea that reason and logic could improve society. (And how government could work!) • Enlightened thinker John Locke believed people should have natural rights such as equality and liberty. (freedom)

14. EVENTS LEADING TO WAR Events that led to the beginning of our Nation (1750’s- 1791)

15. FRENCH AND INDIAN WAR (1753-1760) (a.k.a. 7 YEAR WAR & the First World War) • France and their Indian allies vs. Britain and their Indian allies • Fought for the Ohio Valley territory. • France = fur trade, Britain = Farming • Britain wins ending with the Treaty of Paris • Bloody battle

16. FRENCH AND INDIAN WARResults: • France no longer a threat to Britain. • Colonists gained military confidence. • England warned colonists not to expand land. • England now had a HUGE WAR DEBT!

18. Sugar Act • Raise Money by tax! • Prime Minister George Granville asked Parliament to tax sugar and molasses imported to the colony. • Smugglers were also searched for!

20. STAMP ACT 1765 • King George ordered high tariffs on newspapers, legal documents, playing cards. • Colonist rebelled created the “Sons of Liberty”. • Protests, riots, and boycotts broke out amongst the colonies. • “No taxation without representation” became the rally cry. • Repelled in 1766

21. Response to the Stamp Act Colonies • Members of the Massachusetts legislature met with 9 other colonies and issued a declaration that the Stamp Act was a violation of rights and liberties! England • English Parliament was angry their authority was questioned! • They issued the Declaratory Act, stating they had all the power to make laws in the colonies!

22. Townsend Acts • 1761 Parliament passed Townsend Acts to tax glass, lead, paints, paper and tea. • British Officials could also search for smuggled goods • Samuel Adams ship The Liberty was seized for smuggling Rum. Angered Colonists! • Colonist Response? • Boycotting English goods • Women (daughters of liberty) drove the boycotts! • Colonists attacked the houses of custom officials and British soldiers were summoned!

23. BOSTON MASSACRE1770 • The British sent in troops (4000) into Boston. Troops were not welcomed as they competed for jobs and represented the King’s interests. There were many angry encounters between soldiers and colonists. • March 5th 1770: Ice, snow and rocks thrown at soldiers, someone yelled “fire” and soldiers killed 5 protesters.

24. BOSTON MASSACRE • Samuel Adams called the event “The Boston Massacre.” to fuel anger. • Soldiers were put on trial and most were acquitted, 2 convicted of manslaughter. Most agreed they were probably provoked into the attack. • Townshend Acts were repealed, British troops withdrew from the city.

26. BOSTON TEA PARTY (1773) • A period of calm followed the massacre. • “Sons of Liberty” were looking for issues to keep the “fire” going. • 1773 British only let the East India Tea Co. sell tea to America. • 150 colonist dressed as Native American Indians boarded the tea ships and dumped the goods overboard. Other parties took place in other colonies. • Unfair pricing!

27. BOSTON TEA PARTY • British Parliament stiffened their rule and passed the Coercive acts (a.k.a. Intolerable acts) • shut down Boston harbor. •  Quartering acts •  No Town Meetings allowed!

29. 1st Continental Conference 1774 • In September 1774The Continental Congress met with 56 delegates from 12 colonies (Georgia stayed home) • 56 men meant 56 different opinions and very long debates! • They prepared a list of grievances to be taken to the King and British Parliament. • The delegates 1. stopped trade with England and 2.alerted the colonial militia to prepare for war! • A 2nd meeting would be called if the king did not hear their complaints or if any attack took place. Patrick Henry, “ The distinctions between Virginians, Pennsylvanians, New Yorkers and New Englanders are no more, I am not a Virginian, I am an American!

30. SHOWDOWN!!! • Neither side really wanted war, but neither side was willing to back down. • King George thought a show of force would improve his standing stating, “The New England Colonies are in a state of rebellion… Blows must decide whether they are to be subject to this country or independent!” • The King’s General Thomas Gage was told to prepare for war! Frightened because he knew fighting would be fierce, Gage asked for additional militia.

31. British General Gage learns of hidden weapons in Concord • Two lanterns hung in church tower to warn the British coming by “sea” (Charles River) • Paul Revere and William Dawes make midnight ride to warn Minutemen of approaching British soldiers Conflict at Lexington and Concord “One if by land, two if by sea!”

32. The Shot Heard Around the WorldLexington, Massachusetts • The Redcoats were coming! April 19, 1775 The British neared Lexington and prepared for war. • About 80 minutemen saw the large number of British and were about to retreat when a shot rang out! • A short battle began with the British killing 8 men and destroying weapons they found. • Only one Redcoat was injured in this battle.

33. BATTLE OF LEXINGTON CLIP

34. Battle at Concord, Massachusetts • Angered by British actions, Minutemen (men ready at a minute’s notice) were in place to attack as British Redcoats returned to Boston. • As the British retreated from Concord Minutemen shot at troops from behind trees, fences, and buildings, killing over 250 Redcoats. • War had officially begun!

35. 1775 Second Continental Congress • Delegates from 12 colonies met in Philadelphia following “shots” at Lexington/Concord • Some called for peace, others war! Another try with King George III. • George Washington was named Commander in Chief of the Continental Army • Debate begins over independence

36. Battle of Bunker Hill • May, 10 1775 Patriots attacked British at Fort Ticonderoga on to seize a large supply of weapons. • Colonial forces fortified Breed’s Hill to prevent British from escaping Boston. • An army of 2,400 Redcoats vs. 1,600 Americans at Battle of Bunker of Hill. • The British had to fight crossing the Boston Harbor in boats exposing them as an easy target. • Eventually Americans forced to retreat, but only after 1000 British casualties and proof that the colonists could take the British!

37. Ethan Allen 6’6” tall with a temper! • May 10, 1775—The capture of Fort Ticonderoga by Ethan Allen and the Green Mountain Boys was a major victory for America during the early part of the American Revolution. • Allen sent a spy dressed as a a beggar, was allowed into the fort and discovered all of the British weaknesses. • He overtook the fort with 80 men.

38. Battle of Bunker Hill Video

39. No tyranny! No abuse of government power! COMMON SENSE (1776) by Thomas Paine • A 47 page pamphlet. • Paine urged a separation from Britain. • Argued that citizens not kings should make laws. • Argued for economic freedom and the right to military self-defense • *Read across the colonies!!!

40. Declaration of Independence • Many colonial leaders agreed with Thomas Paine’s ideas. • Congress created a committee in June 1776 to write a document declaring independence. • Thomas Jefferson was the main author. • The Declaration of Independence was sent to England and officially approved on July 7, 1776.

41. Declaration of IndependenceJuly 4th 1776 • Stated the grievances against the King of England. • Gave reasons as to why the colonies should be free. • Gave people the right to abolish their own government.

43. Colonists had different reactions to Declaration of Independence • Patriots: Chose to fight for independence. About 40-50% of Americans were Patriots. • Loyalists: Sometimes called Tories, remained loyal to Britain. About 20-30% of Americans were Loyalists. • Neutral: About 25% of Americans remained neutral. Once the Declaration was signed, Loyalists and Patriots became opponents.

44. Patriots Gain New Home • During the war 230,000 served in the Continental Army. Most young men endured poor living conditions, bad food, no $. • African Americans joined the patriots. At first they were denied, but Britain promised freedom to slaves for service so Army changed its mind. • Native Americans aided Patriots, but also assisted British

45. Molly Ludwig Hays brought water to troops, but when husband injured she loaded cannons. Women • Ran farms and businesses while men gone. • They raised money for supplies and clothing. • Served as messengers, nurses and spies-some fought.

46. General Thomas Gage-ordered troops into Lexington/Concord I took over! Early Defeats • Canada: Patriots wanted Canada to be 14th colony. • US forces under Gen, Montgomery and Benedict Arnold attacked Quebec. • NYC : Became the 1st major battle ground . • British Gen. William Howe led 32,000 better equipped militia vs. Washington’s 23,000. • Months of fighting. British captured Patriots, took supplies, and burned NY.

47. Early Defeats • Howe pushed Washington across the Hudson River and was pleased with his success. • Connecticut Nathan Hale went behind the British lines to attain secret information. • Hale was caught with the documents hidden in his shoe and ordered to be hung. • Before his execution he stated, “I regret I have only one life to lose for my country.”

48. Battle of Saratoga, New York 2 defeats stun the British. British General John Burgoyne planned to capture Hudson River valley and cut off New England from other colonies. British Burgoyne planned to invade Canada traveling through dense forests. Patriots were ready with obstacles. Militiamen outnumbered the Redcoats and scored a major victory. General Horatio Gates crushed British attempts to advance.

49. Battle of Saratoga, New York • Colonial General Benedict Arnold led a charge that forced the British to retreat. • The British were surrounded and Burgoyne surrendered to General Gates. • Saratoga was the greatest victory yet for American forces! The win convinced foreign allies to help.

50. Help for Americans • France: Signed treaty of support. French Nobleman Marquis de Lafayette volunteered to serve and gave $200,000 for soldier aid. • Prussia: Baron Friedrich von Steuben trained Continental Army into a tough force! • Spain: Bitter enemies of Britain! Governor Bernardo de Galvez seized British ports.