1 / 35

Chapter 5 Macromolecules

Chapter 5 Macromolecules. Macromolecules. Smaller organic molecules join together to form larger molecules called macromolecules 4 major classes of macromolecules: carbohydrates lipids proteins nucleic acids. Polymers. Long molecules built by linking chain of repeating smaller units

gutierrezhelen
Download Presentation

Chapter 5 Macromolecules

An Image/Link below is provided (as is) to download presentation Download Policy: Content on the Website is provided to you AS IS for your information and personal use and may not be sold / licensed / shared on other websites without getting consent from its author. Content is provided to you AS IS for your information and personal use only. Download presentation by click this link. While downloading, if for some reason you are not able to download a presentation, the publisher may have deleted the file from their server. During download, if you can't get a presentation, the file might be deleted by the publisher.

E N D

Presentation Transcript

  1. Chapter 5 Macromolecules

  2. Macromolecules • Smaller organic molecules join together to form larger molecules called macromolecules • 4 major classes of macromolecules: • carbohydrates • lipids • proteins • nucleic acids

  3. Polymers • Long molecules built by linking chain of repeating smaller units • polymers • monomers = repeated small units • covalent bonds

  4. How to build a polymer • Condensation reactions are used to build polymers • dehydration synthesis • joins monomers by “taking” H2O out • requires energy & enzymes

  5. How to break down a polymer • Hydrolysis breaks apart polymers • use H2O to break apart monomers • reverse of condensation reaction • H2O is split into H and OH • This releases energy

  6. CARBOHYDRATES

  7. Carbohydrates • Carbohydrates are composed of C, H, O Function: • energy u energy storage • raw materials u structural materials • Monomer: monosaccharides • Polymers: polysaccharides • ex: sugars & starches (bread, pasta, rice, potatoes, fruit, vegetables)

  8. Simple & complex sugars • Monosaccharides • simple 1 monomer sugars • Glucose and fructose • Disaccharides • 2 monomers • Sucrose and maltose • Polysaccharides • large polymers (4)

  9. Polysaccharides • Function: • energy storage • starch (plants) • glycogen (animals) • building materials = structure • cellulose (plants) • chitin (arthropods & fungi)

  10. LIPIDS

  11. Lipids • Lipids are composed of C, H, O • long hydrocarbon chain • Diverse group • fats • phospholipids • Steroids • Monomers= glycerol and 3 fatty acids • Polymer=triglycerides (fat)

  12. Fat • Triglycerol • 3 fatty acids linked to glycerol

  13. Fats • Long HC chain • non-polar • hydrophobic • Function: • energy storage • cushion organs • insulates body • Healthy brains

  14. Saturated fats • Saturated fats have all C bonded to H singly • No C=C double bonds • long, straight chain • most animal fats • solid at room temp. • Less healthy: butter, lard, crisco

  15. Unsaturated fats • Unsaturated fats have C=C double bonds in the fatty acids • Not saturated by hydrogens • Crooked chains • plant & fish fats • vegetable oils (olive, sesame, peanut) • liquid at room temperature • healthier

  16. Phospholipids • Structure: • glycerol + 2 fatty acids + PO4

  17. Phospholipids & cells • Phospholipids of cell membrane • double layer = bilayer • hydrophilic heads on outside • hydrophobic tails on inside • forms barrier between cell & external environment

  18. Steroids • ex: cholesterol, sex hormones cholesterol

  19. PROTEINS

  20. Proteins • Proteins are the most structurally & functionally diverse group of biomolecules • Function: • involved in almost everything • Movement, growth • Enzymes • antibodies • structure (keratin, collagen) • carriers & transport (membrane channels) • receptors & binding (defense) • contraction (actin & myosin) • signalling (hormones) • storage (bean seed proteins)

  21. Proteins • Structure: • monomer = amino acids • 20 different amino acids • polymer = polypeptide • complex 3-D shape

  22. Structure: • central carbon • amino group • carboxyl group (acid) • R group (side chain) • variable group • confers unique chemical properties of the amino acid H | —C— | O H C—OH || H R Amino acids

  23. hemoglobin collagen Protein structure & function • function depends on structure • 3-D structure • twisted, folded, coiled into unique shape pepsin

  24. Primary (1°) structure • Order of amino acids in chain • A long ribbon

  25. Secondary (2°) structure • “Local folding” • Hydrogen bonds between R groups • -helix (spiral) • -pleated sheet (pleats)

  26. Tertiary (3°) structure • “Whole molecule folding” • Hydrogen bonds

  27. Quaternary (4°) structure • Joins together more than 1 polypeptide chain • only then is it a functional protein collagen = skin & tendons hemoglobin

  28. Denature a protein • Disrupt 3° structure • pH salt • temperature • unravel or denature protein • “change the shape, change the function” • Some proteins can return to their functional shape after denaturation, many cannot

  29. Nucleic Acids

  30. Nucleic Acids • Function: • store & transmit hereditary information • Polymers/Examples: • RNA (ribonucleic acid) • DNA (deoxyribonucleic acid) • Structure: • monomers = nucleotides

  31. Nucleotides • 3 parts • nitrogen base (C-N ring) • pentose sugar (5C) • ribose in RNA • deoxyribose in DNA • PO4 group (phosphate)

  32. Types of nucleotides • 2 types of nucleotides • different Nitrogen bases • purines • double ring N base • adenine (A) • guanine (G) • pyrimidines • single ring N base • cytosine (C) • thymine (T) • uracil (U)

  33. RNA & DNA • RNA (makes protein) • single nucleotide chain • Ribose sugar • A, U, C, G • DNA (genetic code) • double nucleotide chain • Deoxyribose sugar • A, T, C, G

  34. Macromolecule Summary • Carbohydrates • Monomers=monosaccharides • Polymers=polysaccharides • Used for energy, ex. Sugar • Lipids=fats=triglycerides • Monomers=glycerol + 3 fatty acids • Polymers=triglycerides • Used for energy, ex. Steroids, cell membranes

  35. Macromolecule Summary • Nucleic Acids • Monomers=nucleotides • Polymers=nucleic acids • Store genetic information, ex. DNA, RNA • Proteins • Monomers=amino acids • Polymers=polypeptides • Used for growth, transport, communication, ex. hair, nails, enzymes, meat, nuts, beans, dairy

More Related