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RTV 440 Sound and Miking

RTV 440 Sound and Miking. Sound in an environment. Sound wave Compression / rarefaction Frequency / Measured in hertz Amplitude / Measured in decibels (db-spl) AM/FM, kHz / MHz (r.f.) Attack/sustain (internal dynamics)/decay -- sound envelope

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RTV 440 Sound and Miking

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  1. RTV 440Sound and Miking

  2. Sound in an environment • Sound wave • Compression / rarefaction • Frequency / Measured in hertz • Amplitude / Measured in decibels (db-spl) • AM/FM, kHz / MHz (r.f.) • Attack/sustain (internal dynamics)/decay -- sound envelope • Acoustics / Psychoacoustics / binaural hearing • Absorbed / Reflected • Direct / Indirect (echo & reverberation)

  3. Some issues with sound • Equal loudness principle--depending on loudness we don’t hear low and high frequencies as well as we hear middle • Masking--Hiding of some sounds by other sounds by other sounds when each is a different frequency and they are presented together. Loud over soft / lower-pitched over higher • Acoustical phase--the time relationship between two or more sound waves at a given point in their cycles • Timbre--a sound’s unique tone quality or tone color

  4. Acoustical issues • Ergonomics – human element in designing room • Sound Absorption and Reflection • Diffusion--scattering of sound waves • Diffraction--spreading or bending • Resonance--vibration of an object at the same frequency as the original body’s frequency • Lively or Dead Room • Isolation

  5. Sound Frequency Spectrum • Bass • Low bass, 1st & 2nd octaves, 16-64 Hz • Upper bass, 3rd& 4th octaves, 64-256 Hz • Midrange • 5th, 6th & 7th octaves, 256 - 2,048 Hz • Upper midrange: 8th octave, 2,048 - 4,096 Hz • Treble • 9th & 10th octaves, 4,096 - 16,384 Hz • 20 to 20,000 Hz, sort of

  6. ‘Hearing Test’ • High frequency test • Range of frequencies (oscillator) • 10 – 200 Hz • 22 kHz down to 8 kHz • C Scale notes

  7. Mics -- Converting Sound • Sound Frequency Spectrum • Bass, midrange, treble • Frequency / Hertz • Amplitude / decibels • Acoustics • Direct / indirect sound • Echo / reverberations

  8. Microphone Directional Patterns • Omnidirectional / nondirectional • Unidirectional / Directional/ cardioid • Super, hyper, ultra • Bidirectional • (see reading for diagrams)

  9. Applications of polar patterns • Football miking • News live shot • Basketball game • Studio interview • News anchor • In audio recording studio • Shotgun boom pole

  10. Cardioid range • Cardioid • Supercardioid • Hypercardioid • Ultradirectional • Shotgun mic

  11. Professional Mic types • Moving coil/dynamic • Ribbon • Capacitor/condensor (power source) • Electret condensor • Transducer – changes energy from one form to another – in this case sound waves into an electrical current

  12. Mics on cameras • +48v ONLY for mics that require phantom power (some of the shotguns) • Line vs. mic input • XA 20 cameras – Audio Technica mini plug mics • Always use lavalier for close up audio

  13. More about mics and sound • Common audio connectors • RCA (phono), ¼” (phone), mini-plug, XLR • Jack (‘female’) vs. plug (‘male’) • Firewire, HDMI, etc. • Close vs. distant miking • Cross-pair, mid-side, coincident (stereo) • Wide – range of frequencies • Flat – accurately recreates frequencies • Colored response – changes frequencies (lavaliere boosts high frequencies, for example

  14. Close miking when you can’t get close • Visible mics • What kinds of productions • ‘dressing the mic’ • Hidden mics • Under clothing, in set pieces • Wired vs. wireless • Boom pole • Fishpole, giraffe, perambulator • Looping / ADR • High percentage of TV and movie content

  15. Common mic types • lavaliere • headset • handheld • studio/boom mounted • TV boom • Perambulator boom, giraffes, fishpole • PZM (boundary mic)

  16. Audio Mixing • Three things you mix • Sources, techniques, aesthetics • ProTools or Adobe Audition (DAW) • Stereo or multi-track recording • 5 console functions • Amplify, switch, route, mix, balance • Various console inputs • Layering, in moviemaking

  17. Other console terms • Program / Audition • Monitor vs. cue • Master pot • VU meter / PPM (analog / LED) • Muting system • Foldback (IFB note) • Pad / trim / gain / AGC • Pan Pot • Submixer & pre-amp

  18. Other audio mixing terms • Compressor • Limiter • Equalizer (EQ) • Filters • High pass, low pass, band pass, notch • Stereo vs. multi-track recording • Basics of multi-track / mixdown

  19. Three things you mix... • Music • Production library, royalty-free loops • BMI, ASCAP, SESAC • blanket license vs. ‘needle drop’ • SoundExchange fees • SFX -- Production library, Foley • Voice • Narration vs. dialogue • Straight voice, VO/music, donut, jingle ### • Teams go record sounds, due before 5:00 -->

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