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Topics Drawing molecular structures Arrow formalism & m olecular framework

CHE2060 2: Simple structures, functional g roups. Topics Drawing molecular structures Arrow formalism & m olecular framework Introduction to alkanes Isomers IUPAC naming of alkanes Alkyl halides & cycloalkanes Functional groups: where the action is

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Topics Drawing molecular structures Arrow formalism & m olecular framework

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  1. CHE2060 2: Simple structures, functional groups • Topics • Drawing molecular structures • Arrow formalism & molecular framework • Introduction to alkanes • Isomers • IUPAC naming of alkanes • Alkyl halides & cycloalkanes • Functional groups: where the action is • Alkenes: hydrocarbons with > one double bond • Alkynes: hydrocarbons with > one triple bond • Alkene isomers: who’s across that double bond? • Arenes • Organohalogens • Using molecular formulas Daley & Daley, Chapter 2 Organic Nomenclature& Functional Groups

  2. Isomers

  3. Types of isomers Same formula Different in some way isomers Same connectivity? yes no stereoisomers constitutional isomers Different single bond rotation? yes no configurationalisomers conformationalisomers mirror images? yes no diastereomers enantiomers & cis-trans or E-Z Karty p.177

  4. Isomers Constitutional or structural isomers: molecules that have the same types & numbers of atoms, but with different arrangement, bonding or connectivity. Stereoisomers are a different& distinct type of isomer discussed later. • molecular formulas are identical • structures are distinct • physical properties differ C4H8? (one C=C bond or one ring is needed) H H H | | | H - C = C - C - C - H | | | H H H H H \ / C - H / H - C = C | \ H C - H / \ H H H H \ / H C | / | H - C - C | | | \ | H H C / \ H H H H | | H - C -- C - H | | H - C -- C - H | | H H H H H | | | H - C - C = C - C - H | | | H H H D&D p.78

  5. Isomers can be straight or branched. • Draw a chain of the proper number of carbons & then fill in with Hs. • Chains can be ‘straight’ or branched. H H H H H | | | | | H - C - C - C - C - C - H | | | | | H H H H H Make isomers of C5H12: n-pentane C - C - C - C - C straight chain H H H \ | / H C H \ | / H - C - C - C - H / | \ H C H / | \ H H H C - C - C same | C | C So there arejust 3 isomersof C5H12. C | C - C - C | cruciform C C | C - C - C - C branched chain H H H \ | / H C H H | | | | H - C - C - C - C - H | | | | H H H H 2,2-dimethylpropane C | C - C - C - C same 2-methylbutane

  6. Isomers have distinct physical properties. Of course, the chemical properties of isomers may differ, butphysical properties are also distinct. Make isomers of C2H6O: H H | | H - C - C - O - H | | H H H H | | H - C - O - C - H | | H H .. .. .. .. Ethanol b.p. 78°C Diethyl ether b.p. -24°C What do you know of their chemical properties?

  7. Example: How many isomers? Draw all structural isomers of C6H14!

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