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Heavy metal pollution assessment within EMEP

Heavy metal pollution assessment within EMEP. Oleg Travnikov on behalf of MSC-E and CCC. Main directions of HM activities in 2016/2017. 2016/2017 workplan (ECE/EB.AIR/133/Add.1). Review and improvement of HM emissions data for modelling Monitoring activities : data use and challenges

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Heavy metal pollution assessment within EMEP

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  1. Heavy metal pollution assessment within EMEP Oleg Travnikov on behalf of MSC-E and CCC

  2. Main directions of HM activities in 2016/2017 2016/2017 workplan (ECE/EB.AIR/133/Add.1) • Review and improvement of HM emissions data for modelling • Monitoring activities: data use and challenges • Analysis of long-term trends • Assessment of HM transboundary pollution (local/regional/global) • Ecosystem-specific pollution • Country-scale pollution assessment – Case studies of HM pollution • Transition of operational modelling to the new EMEP grid • Scientific co-operation on improvement of model assessment quality • Co-operation with subsidiary bodies, international organizations and programmes

  3. - 1st priority - 2nd priority - 3rd priority Review of HM emission data for modeling Joint CEIP / MSC-E technical report on emission uncertainties Key uncertainties of HM emissions • MSC-E contribution to the joint report: • Gridded annual emission data • Chemical composition • Temporal variation • Vertical distribution • Global emission inventories • Historical and natural emissions Report should be served as a basis for EMEP strategy to improve emission inventories

  4. Measured Pb in precipitation Assessment of Pb deposition Evaluation of model results 10 1 Modelled, kg/km2/y 0.1 0.1 1 10 Observed, kg/km2/y Monitoring activities Measurements of heavy metals at the EMEP monitoring network (2014) • Problems and challenges:: • Low quality data is still reported by some monitoring sites. Further improvement of QA/QC of heavy metal measurements is needed. • The monitoring network is scarce in Eastern and Southern Europe and Central Asia. • Partly spatial coverage could be improved by use of biomonitoring data (mosses etc.)

  5. Reduction of Pb in moss (observed) HM measurements in mosses 1990-2010 Percents Percents Reduction of Pb deposition (model) 1990-2010 Supplementary measurement data Measurements of heavy metal concentration in mosses 29th TF meeting of the ICP-Vegetation,Dubna, Russia, March 2016

  6. Information for Policy Makers / EMEP SB Long-term changes of HM deposition Contribution to CLRTAP assessments 40 2.4 Cd Hg Pb 30 1.8 20 1.2 Cd and Hg deposition, g/km2/y Pb deposition, kg/km2/y 10 0.6 0 0 Extension up to 2014 2002 2004 2006 2008 2010 2012 2014 1990 1992 1994 1996 1998 2000 Reduction of HM deposition (1990-2012) 100 EMEP EU28 EECCA 80 60 Overall redcution (1990-2012), % 40 20 0 Pb Cd Hg -20 Model assessment of HM pollution Long-term pollution trends (1990-2014)

  7. Information for Policy Makers / EMEP SB Deposition of Pb in 2014 Source apportionment of Pb deposition in 2014 2.5 Non-EMEP sources 2.0 Secondary sources 1.5 Anthropogenic sources Pb deposition, kg/km2/y 1.0 0.5 0.0 Italy Latvia Malta Spain Serbia Ireland Turkey France Poland Croatia Iceland Greece Cyprus Austria Finland Norway Albania Ukraine Georgia Belarus Estonia Moldova Sweden Monaco Slovenia Bulgaria Slovakia Hungary Armenia Belgium Portugal Romania Lithuania Denmark Germany Tajikistan Azerbaijan Macedonia Russia(All) Uzbekistan Montenegro Switzerland Kyrgyzstan Netherlands Kazakhstan Luxembourg Turkmenistan Liechtenstein Czech_Republic United_Kingdom Bosnia_Herzegovina Pb deposition to Austria Pb deposition to UK Pb deposition to Portugal Others Others Austria Poland Others Spain Ireland Slovenia Spain Slovakia UK Italy France Portugal Germany Germany Poland Model assessment of HM pollution Current pollution of EMEP countries (2014)

  8. Information for Policy Makers / EMEP SB Relative changes of country-averaged Cd deposition between 2013 and 2014 80 Inter-annual changes from -40% to 80% 60 40 Relative changes, % 20 0 -20 -40 Large inter-annual variation of both HM levels and source apportionment requires regular assessment of transboundary pollution within EMEP Italy Malta Spain Latvia Serbia Turkey Ireland Poland Austria France Cyprus Croatia Iceland Finland Greece Estonia Albania Belarus Norway Ukraine Georgia Monaco Sweden Belgium Bulgaria Armenia Portugal Moldova Hungary Slovakia Slovenia Romania Denmark Lithuania Germany Tajikistan Azerbaijan Uzbekistan Kyrgyzstan Switzerland Kazakhstan Montenegro Netherlands Luxembourg Liechtenstein Turkmenistan Czech_Republic United_Kingdom FYR of Macedonia Russian Federation Bosnia_Herzegovina Cd anthropogenic deposition to Sweden 2.0 • Main factors: • Change in atmospheric transport pathways • Re-calculation of emissions by countries • Altering of secondary emissions (re-suspension) Denmark 1.5 Russia 1.0 Cd deposition, t/y Germany Poland 0.5 Sweden 0.0 2013 2014 Inter-annual variability of HM pollution

  9. Information for Effect Community / WGE Hg deposition to forest Forest 15 Inland waters 10 Forest Frequency, % 5 Hg deposition to inland waters Inland waters 0 0 10 20 30 Deposition flux, g/km2/y Ecosystem-specific information Heavy metal deposition to different ecosystems (2014) Frequency distribution of Hg deposition

  10. Information for National Experts / Policy Makers Contribution of industrial combustion sector Pb deposition in Belarus 1.0 2 - Belarus - Poland - Ukraine - non-EMEP 0.5 Average deposition, kg/km /y - Germany - Secondary - Italy - Other anthrop. - City 0.0 Country-scale pollution assessment Case studies of HM pollution in selected EMEP countries Objective: Evaluation of pollution levels in a country with fine spatial resolution involving variety of national data Countries involved: Czech Republic, Croatia, Netherlands, Belarus, Poland, UK Belarus (complete): • Pollution levels with fine spatial resolution (10×10 km2) • Source-receptor relationships for the country and its regions • Pollution of large cities • Pollution from particular emission sectors

  11. Information for National Experts / Policy Makers Evaluation of modeling results 10 MSC-E 10x10 3 FRAME 5x5 8 Observed 6 Pb concentration, ng/m 4 2 0 UK01 UK02 UK03 UK08 UK09 UK11 UK12 UK13 UK14 UK19 UK31 UK32 Cd emissions in Poland (2014) Country-scale pollution assessment Case studies of HM pollution in selected EMEP countries • United Kingdom (in progress): • Joint study with Centre for Ecology and Hydrology (UK) • Simulations of Pb levels with fine spatial resolution (10x10 km2) • Evaluation against measurements • Comparison of modeling results of MSC-E and FRAME model • Poland (initiated): • National gridded emissions data (0.1°x0.1°) and emissions from LPS • Collection of measurements and other data • Planed simulations of Cd pollution levels with fine spatial resolution (10x10 km2)

  12. Information for National Experts / Policy Makers Contribution of LPS to Pb deposition Contribution of LPS to Cd deposition (Tata Steel IJmuiden BV, Netherlands) (Prunéřov II Power Station, Czech Rep.) Percents Percents Contribution of LPS to HM pollution can exceed 20-50% over significant areas of the country Country-scale pollution assessment Heavy metal pollution from Large Point Sources (LPS)

  13. Current and new EMEP domains Current EMEP domain New EMEP domain Transition to the new EMEP grid Current activities on implementation of the new grid: • Generation of meteorological data (time series) • Preparation of data on chemical reactants in the atmosphere • Preparation of emissions data based on expert estimates (official data is not available) • Pilot simulations and evaluation against measurements

  14. Transition to the new EMEP grid Pilot simulations of Hg pollution over the new EMEP grid (2014) Hg wet deposition (2014) Evaluation vs. measurements Old grid New grid

  15. Information for Research Community Hg0 air concentration (2013) GEOS-Chem ECHMERIT GEM-MACH-Hg GLEMOS Environment Canada Improvement of model assessment quality Multi-model study of Hg pollution and processes TF HTAP Workshop, Potsdam, Germany, February 2016

  16. Information for Research Community 80 Sites measuring Hg wet deposition Hg0 + Br 60 Wet deposition, ng/m2/day 40 20 0 Jul Mar Jan Jun Oct Nov Apr May Aug Feb Sep Dec 80 Hg0 + O3 80 60 Wet deposition 99 sites /day 2 Wet deposition, ng/m2/day 40 60 20 40 Wet deposition, ng/m 0 Jul Mar Jan Jun Apr May Oct Nov Aug Feb Sep Dec 20 80 Hg0 + OH 0 60 Jul Mar Jan Jun Oct Apr Nov May Aug Feb Dec Sep Wet deposition, ng/m2/day 40 20 Measurements GLEMOS GEOS-Chem GEM-MACH-Hg ECHMERIT 0 Jul Mar Jan Jun Oct Nov Apr May Aug Feb Dec Sep Improvement of model assessment quality Study of Hg oxidation chemistry in the atmosphere

  17. Information for Research Community Peer-reviewed publications (2016) • Travnikov O., Bieser J., Dastoor A., De Simone F., Gencarelli C.N., Hedgecock I.M., Matthias V., Ryjkov A., Selin N., Song S., Yang X., Pirrone N. (2016) Multi-model study of mercury dispersion in the atmosphere: Atmospheric processes and model evaluation.Atmos. Chem. Phys., in preparation. • Pacyna J.M., Travnikov O., De Simone F., Hedgecock I.M., Sundseth K., Pacyna E.G., Steenhuisen F., Pirrone N., Munthe J., Kindbom K. (2016) Current and future levels of mercury atmospheric pollution on global scale.Atmos. Chem. Phys., accepted. • Angot H., Dastoor A., De Simone F., Gårdfeldt K., Gencarelli C. N., Hedgecock I.M., Langer S., Magand O., Mastromonaco M.N., Nordstrøm C., Pfaffhuber K.A., Pirrone N., Ryjkov A., Selin N.E., Skov H., Song S., Sprovieri F., Steffen A., Toyota K., Travnikov O., Yang X., Dommergue A. (2016) Chemical cycling and deposition of atmospheric mercury in polar regions: review of recent measurements and comparison with models.Atmos. Chem. Phys., 16, 10735-10763. • Gencarelli C.N., Bieser J., Carbone F., De Simone F., Hedgecock I.M., Matthias V., Travnikov O., Yang X., Pirrone N. (2016) Sensitivity model study of regional mercury dispersion in the atmosphere.Atmos. Chem. Phys., submitted. • Bieser J., Carbone F., De Simone F., Gencarelli C.N., Hedgecock I.M., Matthias V., Travnikov O., Yang X., Pirrone N. (2016) Model study on vertical distribution of mercury in the troposphere.Atmos. Chem. Phys., in preparation.

  18. Information for Research Community ‘Current Policy’ Scenario ‘New Policy’ Scenario ‘Maximum Feasible Reduction’ Source regions EECCA countries European Union (EU28) 9 5 Europe Intercontinental transport EECCA /y /y 4 2 2 Africa North America 6 3 Central America Deposition flux, g/km Deposition flux, g/km South America 2 South Asia 3 East Asia 1 Southeast Asia Middle East 0 0 Australia and NZ 2013 CP NP MFR 2013 CP NP MFR 2035 2035 2035 2035 2035 2035 Future changes of Hg pollution Future scenarios of Hg deposition of EMEP countries (2035)

  19. International co-operation Global Mercury Assessment 2018 Cooperation with UNEP & Minamata Conv. • Participation in the Global Mercury Assessment 2013 (GMA 2013) to support negotiations of the Minamata Convention on Mercury. • Coordination of work on the update of GMA 2013 with new modelling results (2015) • Leading preparation of the modelling part of Global Mercury Assessment 2018 (in cooperation with AMAP) Project Coordination Group of GMA 2018 (Geneva, April 2016)

  20. International co-operation Hg deposition (2014) EMEP and AMAP domains AMAP EMEP • Complementary assessmenton global scale: • Substances – Hg • Includes the whole AMAP region • Intercontinental transport Cooperation with AMAP Joint CLRTAP/AMAP workshop (Potsdam, February 2016) • Regular pollution assessmentover EMEP domain: • Substances – Pb, Cd, Hg • Concentration and deposition maps • Source-receptor relationships • Long-term trends (1990-2014)

  21. Workplan elements for 2017 • Operational monitoring and modelling of HM pollution transboundary pollution within EMEP • Generation of data on ecosystem-dependent deposition of HMs for the effect community • Country-scale assessment within the Case Studies (UK and Poland) in co-operation with TFMM and national experts • Support of EECCA countries with information on HM pollution • Assessment of intercontinental transport and contribution of secondary sources to HMs pollution in the EMEP domain • Finalizing transition of HM operational modelling to the new EMEP grid • Finalizing preparatory work and distribution of the GLEMOS model for public use as open source • Scientific co-operation and data exchange with subsidiary and international bodies on HM pollution (TFMM, TF HTAP, UNEP, AMAP, HELCOM etc.)

  22. Work-plan 2017 • Review and assess data, methodologies and competences available to deal with HMs issues in the ECE region and propose a strategy to improve emission inventories (emissions) • Calculations of concentration and deposition fields on HMs for the EMEP domain for 2015. Evaluations against measurement data (operational). • Source-receptor calculations(operational) • Generation of data on ecosystem-dependent deposition of HMs. Analysis of deposition peculiarities(operational). • Estimates and analysis of transboundary pollution of marginal seas and the Arctic for 2015(operational, cooperation) • Detailed assessment of pollution levels of HMs in individual countries, based on model calculations and available national data (Case Study) • Assessment of HM pollution levels with fine spatial resolution generated in cooperation with national experts (EMEP case studies on HMs) (Case Study) • Assessment of transboundary pollution of HMs in the EECCA countries to facilitate ratification and implementation of the Protocol (EECCA) • Contribute to air quality assessment in the EECCA countries (EECCA) • Cooperation with Convention subsidiary bodies (cooperation) • Exchange of information with national experts and international organizations(cooperation) • Explore possible use of EMEP/WGE tools, data and infrastructure to support AMAP activities (cooperation) • Continue collaboration with HELCOM related to atmospheric monitoring and modeling and data management (cooperation) • Preparation of meteorological data for regional and global modeling and for fine scale simulations on the new EMEP grid for 2015 (new grid) • Pilot simulations of long-range transport of HMs in the new EMEP grid and evaluation of modeling results: model performance and source-receptor relationships (new grid) • Ecosystem-dependent deposition fluxes of HMs to different land use types in the new EMEP grid(new grid) • Improvement of model parameterization of pollutant exchange between different compartment (air, water, soil, vegetation) based on literature and national data on occurrence of HM (particularly Hg) in relevant compartments with global geographical coverage (moddel development, multi-media) • Facilitate the use of the EMEP model by Parties(open code)

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