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Endocrine System: Functions, Organs, and Disorders

Explore the functions, major organs, and disorders of the endocrine system. Learn about hormone secretion control, major endocrine organs like the pituitary gland and pancreas, and common disorders such as diabetes mellitus.

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Endocrine System: Functions, Organs, and Disorders

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  1. The Endocrine System 8 Lesson 8.1: Functions and Control of the Endocrine System Lesson 8.2: Major Endocrine Organs Lesson 8.3: Endocrine Disorders and Diseases

  2. Chapter 8: The Endocrine System Lesson 8.1 Functions and Control of the Endocrine System

  3. Anatomy of the Endocrine System • Endocrine glands • Hormones • Secrete directly into bloodstream • Exocrine glands • Secrete through a duct

  4. Hormones • Steroid hormones – lipid-based • Amino acid hormones – protein-based • Hormone receptors • Upregulated – increased • Downregulated – decreased

  5. Hormone Secretion Control • Neural control • Sympathetic nerve fibers stimulate adrenal medulla • Ex: Epinephrine, Norepinephrine • Hormonal control • Stimulated by the hypothalamus to AP or PP • Ex: Thyroxin, PTH, Oxytocin • Humoral control • Based on blood levels • Ex: Glucagon, Calcitonin

  6. Hormone Secretion Control

  7. Hormones and Homeostasis • Negative Feedback Mechanism • Reverses a condition that has exceeded the normal homeostatic range to restore homeostasis

  8. Homeostasis of Hypothalamus • Helps regulates body temperature

  9. Chapter 8: The Endocrine System Lesson 8.2 Major Endocrine Organs

  10. Major Endocrine Organs

  11. The Hypothalamus • Helps regulate… • Metabolism • Heart rate • Energy level • Body temperature • Thirst

  12. Hormones of the Anterior Pituitary

  13. Hormones of the Anterior Pituitary • Prolactin (PRO) • Growth of mammary glands • Milk production in a nursing mother • Growth Hormone (GH) • Growth of bone and muscles

  14. Hormones of the Anterior Pituitary • AdrenocorticotropinHormone (ACTH) • Release of steroid hormones from adrenal cortex • Thyroid-Stimulating Hormone (TSH) • Release of T4 and T3 from thyroid gland

  15. Hormones of the Anterior Pituitary • Follicle-Stimulating Hormone (FSH) • Females • Estrogen production • Egg production • Males • Sperm production • Luteinizing Hormone (LH) • Females • Ovulation • Males • Testosterone

  16. Hormones of the Posterior Pituitary • Antidiuretic Hormone • Acts on kidney, decreases urine output • Oxytocin • Acts on uterus, causes contractions • Acts on breast, causes secretion of milk

  17. Major Endocrine Glands • Thyroid gland • Thyroxine T4 and triiodothyronine T3 • Controls rate of metabolism • Calcitonin • Removes calcium from blood, puts into bones • Parathyroid gland • Parathyroid hormone • Removes calcium from bones, puts into blood

  18. Major Endocrine Glands • Thymus gland • Thymosin • Development of immune system • Pineal gland • Melatonin • Produces sleepiness

  19. Thyroid and Parathyroid Glands

  20. Adrenal Glands • Adrenal Medulla • Epinephrine and norepinephrine • Adrenaline rush • Adrenal Cortex • Mineralocorticoids • Aldosterone • Sodium and water reabsorbed in kidneys • Glucocorticoids • Cortisone and cortisol • Promote gluconeogenesis • Sex hormones • Estrogen and androgens • Maintains sexual characteristics

  21. Adrenal Glands

  22. Pancreas • Islets of Langerhans • Alpha cells • Glucagon • Increase blood glucose level • Beta cells • Insulin • Decrease blood glucose level

  23. Gonads • Testes • Testosterone • Sperm production • Ovaries • Estrogen • Secondary sexual characteristics • Progesterone • Menstrual cycle

  24. Chapter 8: The Endocrine System Lesson 8.3 Endocrine Disorders and Diseases

  25. Endocrine Disorders and Diseases • pituitary disorders • thyroid disorders • disorders of the parathyroid gland • adrenal medulla disorders • disorders of the adrenal cortex • the pancreas and diabetes mellitus

  26. Pituitary Disorders • hyperfunction • acromegaly, or gigantism • hypofunction • dwarfism • diabetes insipidus

  27. Thyroid Disorders • hyperthyroidism • goiter • Graves disease • hypothyroidism • myxedema • neonatal hypothyroidism

  28. Endocrine Disorders and Diseases • disorders of the parathyroid gland • hypercalcemia • hypocalcemia • adrenal medulla disorders • pheochromcytoma

  29. Disorders of the Adrenal Cortex • Cushing syndrome • hypersecretion of cortisol • Addison’s disease • hyposecretion of adrenal corticoid hormones

  30. The Pancreas and Diabetes Mellitus • symptoms of diabetes mellitus • polyuria • excessive urination • polydipsia • excessive thirst • polyphagia • increased hunger

  31. The Pancreas and Diabetes Mellitus • type I diabetes mellitus • juvenile-onset • type II diabetes mellitus • adult-onset • insulin resistance • hyperglycemia

  32. Review and Assessment Match these words with 1–4 below: dwarfism, Cushing syndrome, goiter, polyuria. 1. a result of pituitary hypofunction 2. excessive urination 3. hypersecretion of cortisol 4. a result of hyperthyroidism

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