Chapter 14: Western Expansion and the Rise of the Slavery Issue

1. Chapter 14: Western Expansion and the Rise of the Slavery Issue Preview:“The expansion of the United States to the Pacific was a process involving many overlapping and diverse frontiers—of cultures, peoples, and even animals and disease….Ominously, the acquisition of new lands also reopened the debate over slavery and the Union.” The Highlights: Manifest Destiny The Trek West The Political Origins of Expansion New Societies in the West Escape from Crisis

2. Manifest Destiny • The Roots of the Doctrine • Many Americans believed that their country had a divine mission • Americans believed that their social and economic system should spread globally The Mexican Borderlands • California society: San Diego, Santa Barbara, Monterey, and San Francisco • New Mexico society dominated by ranchero families McGraw-Hill

3. Manifest Destiny • Phrase coined in 1845 by John L. O’Sullivan, editor of the Democratic Review. • Expressed conviction that the development of a superior system of government and lifestyle dictated a God-given right of Americans to spread their civilization to the four corners of the continent. • God wants the U.S., His chosen nation, to become stronger • Americans make new territories free and democratic • growing American population needs land McGraw-Hill

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5. Western Trails McGraw-Hill

6. The Trek West • The Overland Trail • Migration west: excluded elderly and poor • Trips lasted about 6 months • Women on the Overland Trail • Breakdown of women’s traditional role • Women’s sense of loss of home stability • Indians and the Trail Experience • Pressures on the Plains Indians • Fort Laramie conference McGraw-Hill

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8. The Texas Revolution • To strengthen border areas, Mexico offered land for reduced costs requiring only that the settlers become Mexican citizens and Catholics. • 1820s--Americans move into Texas • "Anglos" never fully accept Mexican rule • 1829--Mexico tries abolishing slavery • 1835--armed rebellion breaks out Mexico feared a hostile takeover of Texas after repeated attempt by the United States to buy the territory. • Stephen Austin and many other contractors organized parties of settlers into Texas. • Few settlers honored their agreement with Mexico. McGraw-Hill

9. Texas Revolution McGraw-Hill

10. The Republic of Texas • March, 1836--Texans declare independence • The Battle of the Alamo (Feb 23-Mar 6,1836) • April, 1836--Santa Anna defeated at San Jacinto • May, 1836--Santa Anna’s treaty recognizes Texas' claim to territory (Mexico repudiates) • Texas offers free land grants to U.S. settlers • Annexation to U.S. refused by Jackson McGraw-Hill

11. Tyler and Texas • 1841--John Tyler assumes presidency after William Henry Harrison’s death • Tyler breaks with Whigs • 1844--Tyler negotiates annexation with Texas for re-election campaign issue • Senate refuses to ratify • Tyler loses Whig nomination to Henry Clay McGraw-Hill

12. The Political Origins of Expansion • Tyler’s Texas Ploy • Tyler breaks with Whigs • The Texas movement, 1840 • Van Overboard • Polk nominated by the Democrats, 1844 • Polk wins narrow victory over Clay • The slogan "Fifty-Four Forty or Fight" appeared by January 1846, driven in part by the Democratic press. McGraw-Hill

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14. The Triumph of Polk and Annexation • Democrats nominate James K. Polk • Polk runs on expansionist platform • annexation of Texas for Southern vote • U.S. jurisdiction of Oregon for Northern vote • Polk, Congress interpret his election as mandate for expansion • Texas annexed before Polk inaugurated McGraw-Hill

15. To the Pacific • Tyler hoped to gain San Diego, San Francisco, and Puget Sound • Oregon Territory divided along the 49th parallel • The Mexican War • Disputed boundary of Texas • Slidell sent to Mexico to try to buy territory to the Pacific • Opposition to the War • War posed a dilemma for Whigs • Sentiment for the war was weaker in the East McGraw-Hill

16. War with Mexico, 1846 - 1848 • Mexico severed diplomatic ties with America after its annexation of Texas. • President Polk failed to appreciate the humiliation of the Mexicans and sent American troops to forestall a potential invasion. Hostilities quickly followed. • Debate in Washington simmered as U.S. forces swept into Mexico and took the capital city. McGraw-Hill

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18. “The status of slavery in the territories became more than an abstract question when the Senate in 1848 ratified the Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo….With the United States in control of the Pacific Coast from San Diego to Puget Sound, Polk’s continental vision had become a reality”(441). 14-10 • The Price of Victory • Conquest of Mexico • Brought slavery issue to the center of national politics • The Rise of the Slavery Issue • Northern discontent • Wilmot Proviso • Peace treaty with Mexico McGraw-Hill

19. Settlement of the Mexican-American War • February, 1848--Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo • Rio Grande becomes southern border • New Mexico, California ceded to U.S. • Mexican War politically contentious • Whigs oppose • Northerners see as Slave Power expansion McGraw-Hill

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21. New Societies in the West • Farming in the West • Evolution of western society • Wealth became concentrated • The Gold Rush • Life in the mining camps • Women in the camps • Nativist and racial prejudices • Environmental impact of mining McGraw-Hill

22. Instant City: San Francisco • San Francisco’s chaotic growth • Land prices soared, speculation was rampant, and commercial forces became paramount • The Migration from China • In 1860 San Francisco was 50 percent foreign-born • Most Chinese who arrived came from Southern China around Canton McGraw-Hill

23. The Mormons in Utah • State of Deseret established with Brigham Young as governor • Polygamy • Irrigation and community • Temple City: Salt Lake • Salt Lake City’s orderly growth • Sense of common purpose through religious and economic discipline • Shadows on the Moving Frontier • Hispanic-Anglo conflict • Social banditry: stealing from the wealthy to aid the poor McGraw-Hill

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25. Polk and the Oregon Question • 1846--Polk notifies Great Britain that the U.S. no longer accepts joint occupation • England prepares for war, proposes division of the area • Senate approves division of Oregon along 49o north latitude, Treaty of 1846 • U.S. gains ownership of Puget Sound • North condemned Polk for division McGraw-Hill

26. Escape from Crisis • A Two-Faced Campaign • Free Soil party: antislavery coalition • Different campaigns were run in the North and the South • The Compromise of 1850 • Taylor’s plan • Clay’s compromise • Passage of the Compromise McGraw-Hill

27. “As the North became increasingly industrialized and the South more firmly committed to an economy based on cotton and slavery, the growing conflict between the two sections would shatter the Jacksonian party system, reignite the slavery issue, and shake the Union to its foundation”(453). • Away from the Brink • Rejection of secession • Reaction to the fugitive slave law • Harriet Beecher Stowe’s Uncle Tom’s Cabin (1852) McGraw-Hill

28. Territorial Expansion by the Mid-Nineteenth Century McGraw-Hill