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Long Review of Just about everything!

This comprehensive review covers key aspects of 20th-century history, government institutions, policies to address cleavages, and major ideologies in different countries. It discusses the biggest cleavages and issues in Russia, UK, Mexico, Nigeria, China, Iran, the European Union, and Ukraine.

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Long Review of Just about everything!

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  1. Long Review of Just about everything! Stay as long as you can/want to. You guys have been in class for different stuff, so what do you want to review?

  2. Last minute details • Test: 45 mins for 55 multiple choice, 1 hr 40 mins for 8 FRQ’s. • I will ask them to tell you when you have: 45 minutes, 30 minutes, 10 minutes, 1 minute. Sound ok? • Bubble something for every answer (1 minute update) • Write something for every question! • Write as neatly as you can. Leave blank spaces after a question if you think you might come back and write more. • If you have time, GO OVER YOUR ANSWERS!!! • Pay attention to verbs (describe, explain, identify, example) • Give examples from our countries whenever you can • Be as specific as possible

  3. What to know for each country • 20th century history • Most recent 3 elections in detail • Government institutions and reforms to govt institutions • Cleavages and policies taken to address cleavages • Linkage institutions and major ideologies • Civil society and individual liberties

  4. Biggest cleavage for every country?

  5. Biggest cleavage by country • Russia—Nationality (82% Russian, then have Tatars, Chechens, etc.) • Also have religion and class (huge GINI coefficient) • UK—Class • Then ethnicity (23% Indian, 16% Pakistani, growing African population) • Then regionalism • Mexico—Urban vs. rural/north vs. south (really coinciding) • Then ethnic

  6. Biggest cleavage by country • Nigeria—Ethnicity—Over 100, but big 3: Igbo, Hausa-Fulani, and Yoruba • Then religion • China—Ethnicity (Han majority, then Tibetans and Uighurs (autonomous regions)) • Then language, urban vs. rural, and growing class cleavage • Iran—Religion (Shia majority vs. Sunni minority vs. secularism) • Then, Ethnicity (Persian vs. Azeri, Class, Reform (more democracy) vs. Conservative, Free market vs. statist

  7. The European Union • UK is out! (Brexit) • Austerity measures—EU forcing some countries to adapt economic liberalization policies to cut government spending and deficits • A Supranational Organization created in the 1990’s (Maastrict Treaty) • Features: • Countries make economic policy decisions together • Use the euro as currency (UK doesn’t) • Open borders for trade and migration (Cameron wants UK quotas) • Has a “democratic deficit” (people can’t directly vote on EU policies) • Some want the UK to leave the EU

  8. Major issues by country • UK?

  9. Devolution (Scotland, Wales) • Terrorism and Muslim immigration • Relationship with the European Union (uniform economic policies, the euro vs. pound, immigration policy) • Russia?

  10. Centralization of Power by Putin • Changes to governors made in 2003-4: • Governors removed from Federation Council • Instead of being directly elected, Putin now appoints governors (to enhance national cohesion b/c of terrorism) • Set up 8 “super governors” to supervise all state governors

  11. Population Decline • Russian population is predicted to drop 18% by 2050 • Reasons: • Economic hardship • Low birth rate (abortion a factor) • Low life expectancy for men (only 64 yrs.) • Pro-Natalist Policy--Government trying to get Russians to return home and have large families

  12. Chechnya • Primarily Muslim, has fought for independence for years • Led to multiple terrorism acts • Referendum vote led to new Constitution in Chechnya that gave them more autonomy, but also declared they would stay with Russia

  13. Cleavages—Religion • Main religion in Russia—Russian Orthodox • Religion outlawed in the Soviet Union • Yeltsin and Putin have revived the church • Muslim minority leads to tension • Moscow and laborers

  14. Russia's Nationalists March Against Muslims • “MOSCOW – Making Nazi-like salutes, thousands of Russian ultra-nationalists have marched in Moscow against Muslim migrants and soaring numbers of foreigners in the country, seeing them as a threat to the Russian identity. • Islam is Russia's second-largest religion representing roughly 15 percent of its 145 million predominantly Orthodox population. • The Russian Federation is home to some 23 million Muslims in the north of the Caucasus and southern republics of Chechnya, Ingushetia and Dagestan.”

  15. Social Class • Oligarchy vs. poor • HUGE income inequality • Oligarchs a symbol of insider privatization and corruption

  16. Cleavages—Urban vs. Rural • Russia is now 73% urban • Some poverty everywhere, but rural areas are still poorer • Older, remember Soviet Union • Urban areas more educated and western

  17. International Issues • Loss of global hegemony after Soviet Union collapse • Not a member of the EU, but trades heavily with them • Trying to develop close ties to BRIC countries instead of EU • Joined the World Trade Organization in 2012 (greater access to global economy, but also had to accept increased regulation) • Perceived invasion of Ukraine

  18. Ukraine • 4000 dead in Ukraine • Proposed peace deal that would grant more autonomy to Eastern Ukrainian provinces now losing support • Russian troops in Crimea? • Western sanctions on Russia

  19. Sanctions • US has sanctioned: • Russian banks/financial centers • Russian energy (not gas) • Military equipment • Loss of 1.5% GDP so far • Russia has banned: • European cheese ($1.3 billion) • American chicken ($310 million) • Norwegian seafood (???)

  20. Natural Resources and the Economy • Debate—Privatization vs. state control • Russia is #1 in natural gas production, #3 in coal, and #7 in oil, but… • Need better infrastructure • Low gas and oil prices? • Need to diversify the economy—banking, innovation/technology, etc.

  21. China? • Biggest problems?

  22. Slowing economic growth • Aging population (low birth rate, just moved to allow 2 children) • Houku system, floating populations and overcrowding • Corruption in the state sector—Xi Jinping fighting corruption, but state owned industries still big (don’t want competition, unemployment) • Pollution!

  23. Taiwan • Hong Kong • Autonomous Regions—Western China (given linguistic rights, control their education system, etc)—I think this is BS • Urban-rural inequality

  24. Iran • Biggest issues?

  25. Nuclear deal, increased trading with the West • Conservative vs. Liberal • Relations with Sunni countries/funding of terrorist organizations

  26. Mexico • Biggest issues?

  27. Cartels • Corruption—Lack of faith in judicial branch especially • Privatization and neoliberalization • Overdependence on oil • Rapid, unplanned urbanization—shantytowns • NAFTA—Worker’s rights, pollution, • High GINI coefficient • Ethnic rebellions • Maintaining rational-legal legitimacy

  28. Nigeria • Biggest issues? (don’t say everything)

  29. “The National Question” • Boko Haram • Corruption and prebendalism • Rentier state and transnational companies • Urban/rural divide • Strong govt. organizations other than executive

  30. Executive Branches

  31. China • Executive branch?

  32. Executive in China • Based on the Constitution of 1982 • Secretary General of Communist Party • Selected by Standing Committee • Dual role—Also sometimes president of government • Basically has unchecked power to do what he wants

  33. 1st Hierarchy--The Communist Party • The most powerful of the hierarchies • National Party Congress—2000 delegates, only meets every 5 years • Main importance—elect people to Central Committee • Central Committee—340 members, meet once a year • Main importance—Elect people to Standing Committee/Politburo

  34. The Communist Party, continued • Politburo—24 members • Standing Committee—7 people • Meet in secret • Make most decisions about what happens in China • Secretary General—Head of the Standing Committee

  35. Early Policies of the People’s Republic of China—The Soviet Model • Mao—Had _______________ legitimacy • Democratic Centralism • Mass line • Land reform—Increase agriculture in the countryside • Civil Reform—Emphasis on women’s legal rights • 5 Year Plans—1953-1957—Nationalize industry and collectivize agriculture

  36. The Cultural Revolution—1966-1976 • After failures of GLF, Mao allowed some market policies and gave up power • Became unhappy with progress towards egalitarianism • Returned to complete power, enacted the Cultural Revolution • Created Mao’s Red Book—quotes to guide people • Cult of Personality

  37. Deng Xiaoping • After Mao died, different groups tried to win power • Gang of Four—Blamed for failures of Cultural Revolution • Moderates, led by Deng Xiaoping, won control

  38. Reforms under Deng Xiaoping • Four Modernizations—Industry, Agriculture, Science, and the Military • Special Economic Zones—Deng set up four capitalist areas in Southern China to experiment with capitalism • China occasionally adds more SEZ’s

  39. Jiang Zemin • General Secretary of Communist Party of China—1989-2002 • Continued Deng Xiaoping’s economic policies of open markets and special economic zones • China became a member of the WTO in 2001

  40. HuJintao 2002-2012 • 1st leader from the time period when the Cultural Revolution broke up learning (4th Generation) • Eventually graduated as an engineer • Shows how the CCP has moved from cadres to technocrats • Slowed economic reforms, maintained state control of major industries

  41. Xi Jinping—2012-present • 1st leader of the 4th Generation— “Princelings” (grew up in a more privileged China after Deng’s reforms) • Promises to fight corruption, continue market reforms

  42. Russia!

  43. Stalin’s Legacy • Complete totalitarianism in the largest country on earth. • Collectivization and industrializing carried out by central government planning • The Purges—Killed MILLIONS AT A TIME in executions of anyone he thought was a threat MULTIPLE TIMES

  44. Gorbachev! • By this time, USSR was close to economic ruin • Glasnost--Openness • More discussion of political, economic, and social issues • Criticism of the government allowed • Some Soviet republics immediately wanted independence

  45. Gorbachev! • Perestroika—Radical economic reform • Gave govt. controlled economic power to private industry • Leased land from collective farms • Allowed foreign businesses in • McDonald’s!

  46. Boris Yeltsin • Soviet Union collapses • Constitution of 1993--Referendum • Russia elects Boris Yeltsin as its President • Yeltsin—Enacted “shock therapy”: Immediate market reforms(privatization and trade liberalization)

  47. Executive Branch—President • President—Head of state (but not just ceremonial, actually REALLY POWERFUL) • Appoints PM (with Duma’s approval) • Can issue decrees that the Duma has no control over • Can dissolve the Duma • Commander-in-chief

  48. Elections • Presidential— • FPP, runoff • Was limited to 2 4 year terms (Putin 2000-2008) • Medvedev became President (2008) • Changed terms to 6 year terms • Putin became president again in 2012 • 2018?

  49. Executive Branch—Prime Minister • Prime Minister—Head of government • Run the day to day operations of government • Reports to the President • Became more powerful when Putin became PM • Selected by President, approved by Duma

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