Astronomy -the study of objects beyond earth.

2. Astronomy-the study of objects beyond earth. • Meteorology- the study of the forces and pressures that cause the atmosphere to change and produce weather. • Geology-the study of the materials that make up Earth, the processes that form and change these materials and the history of the planet. • Oceanography- the study of the earth’s oceans and freshwater systems. • Environmental Science- The study of the interactions of organisms and their surroundings.

3. Biosphere- all organisms and their environment Hydrosphere- all water on earth. Atmosphere-the gases that surround the earth. Geosphere- surface of earth down to its center. Anthrosphere- humans

4. Scientific Method and Writing a formal lab report in Science A. Scientific Method- Steps B. Writing a Formal Lab Report Hypothesis- an educated guess as to what you think the outcome of the experiment will be and why? Variables Independent- The change that is made, does NOT depend on another variable. Dependent- The results of the change, will usually depend on the ind. var. Control- things that are kept the same in an experiment Procedure- detailed, numbered steps that can be replicated to come to the same results Data- results of the experiment organized into a data table and graph with very specific observations and numbered data with 2 #’s after decimal and with units. Content Application-**How does this lab relate to the content being covered in this unit? • Question or Problem • Research/Background info • Hypothesis • Experiment/Procedure • Results • Analysis/Conclusion • Retest

5. II. Metrics- SI International System A. Measuring Length EX: Down Right Easy • Metrics are the only measurement units used in this class. • 1 meter = 100 cm • milli=one thousandth • Kilo= one thousand • 1 km= 1,000 m • Down Right Easy- when decreasing, move down the stairs and the decimal to the right. Increasing, move up stairs and decimals to the left • Converting metrics to English EX: miles to kilometers EX: The distance from the floor to a door knob is approximately 1 meter. *All measurements MUST have TWO numbers after the decimal.

6. 4 potatoes Metrics Practice 0.0008 2,573 A potato has the mass of 0.25kg. Your recipe for potato salad calls for 1 kilogram of potatoes. How many potatoes do you need? 800mg= kg 25.73m= cm 1.00 ml of water is poured into a cube. What is the volume of the cube? 0.95L= ml 1,685.36dg= dkg 0.03972hm= mm 1.00 cm3 950 16.8536 3,972

7. B. Mass- the amount of matter in an object Mass depends on what is making up the object. A dense material such as lead is made up of many tightly packed atomic particles and is more dense. EX: An anvil in space maybe weightless but not massless! EX: One gram is approximately one small paper clip Q: What instrument measures mass? Triple Beam Balance

8. C. Volume- the amount of space an object takes up. Measured with a graduated cylinder or if cubic, Length x width x height Units: Liquid = mL Solid = cm3 True or false, an object with a large mass has a large volume. Measure liquid at the bottom of the meniscus-always EX: One liter is approximately a medium size carton of milk Q: How is a graduated cylinder accurately read? from the bottom of the meniscus at eye level

9. Density • Density- mass per unit of volume • Formula- Density = mass/volume • Units= g/mL or g/cm3 • Density is determined by the alignment of the atom, closely packed= more dense • How can the density of a fluid change if it never changes chemically?

10. Temperature We use….. Degrees Farenheit. -Freezing point of water = 32°F -Boiling point of water = 212°F Metric system uses….. Degrees Celsius. -Freezing point of water = 0°C -Boiling point of water = 100°C CONVERSION IF YOU START WITH °F... IF YOU START WITH °C… F = (C x 1.8) + 32 C = (F - 32)/1.8 ***Examples on board***

11. Conversion and Math Practice • What is the density of the book and block? • Convert the following metrics to km. • 125.63mm • 52,638cm • .0568dkm • .004656hm • 154.26m • What are these temperatures in F°? • 100° • 32° • 65° • 24° • 45°

12. Dimensional Analysis The process of changing unit from the English to metric system and vice versa. Rule for DA: • Use your “cheat sheet” for your conversion factors. • Always setup units first, then fill in the appropriate numbers • Use cross multiplication to cancel units out. • Always write out what you have remaining before completing the math.

13. Scientific Notation • The expression of extremely large or extremely small numbers. • Numbers are expressed in values of 10

14. Graphing: • Line Graphs- displays how two variables are related • Independent on x axis • Dependent on y axis • Circle Graphs- used to demonstrate percentages. • Bar Graphs- used to show amount for each variable

15. Theory vs. Law Scientific Theory Scientific Law Is a principle that describes the behavior of a natural phenomenon. Scientific laws for rules of nature. Examples: Newton’s Laws of motion and gravity • An explanation based on many observations during repeated investigations. • A theory can be changed or modified with the discovery of new data. • Examples: Dinosaur Extinction and Big Bang Theory