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APPLICATIONS OF MAGNESIUM DIBORIDE TO PARTICLE PHYSICS

APPLICATIONS OF MAGNESIUM DIBORIDE TO PARTICLE PHYSICS. Riccardo Musenich Istituto Nazionale di Fisica Nucleare Genova. Summary Historical introduction Applications of superconductors Superconductors in particle physics Applications of new materials MgB 2 : overview

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APPLICATIONS OF MAGNESIUM DIBORIDE TO PARTICLE PHYSICS

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  1. APPLICATIONS OF MAGNESIUM DIBORIDE TO PARTICLE PHYSICS Riccardo Musenich Istituto Nazionale di Fisica Nucleare Genova

  2. Summary Historical introduction Applications of superconductors Superconductors in particle physics Applications of new materials MgB2: overview italian programs INFN activity future INFN programs (if any)

  3. 1911 : discovery of superconductivity H.Kamerlingh Onnes, Commun. Phys. Lab. Univ. Leiden, 122 e 124, 1911

  4. Starting from the fourties many superconducting materials, like niobium nitride and niobium-tin*, have been discovered, but only in 1962 the first “industrial scale” superconducting wires (based on niobium-titanium) have been developed by Westighouse. In 1986 HTCS (La1.85Ba0.15CuO4, Tc=30K) have been discovered**. The higher critical temperature for HTCS is 138 K (Hg0.8Tl0.2Ba2Ca2Cu3O8.33 )*** * B. T. Matthias et al., Phys. Rev. 95, 1435 (1954) ** J.G.Bednorz, K.A.Müller, Z.Phys. B, Cond. Matter, 64, 189-193 (1986) *** P. Dai et al., Physica C, 243, 201-206 (1995)

  5. Applications of superconductivity Energy production and transport Alternators Transformers Cables Energy storage (SMES) Current limiters (FCL) Trasports magnetic levitation motors MHD propulsion

  6. Applications of superconductivity Electronics and communications filters antennas microprocessors Industrial applications Magnets for: magnetic separation crystal growth chemical processes Sensors SQUID

  7. Applications of superconductivity Medicine MRI biomagnetic measurements Research laboratory magnets NMR spectrometers magnets for nuclear fusion accelerator components (magnets and rf cavities) superconducting detectors SQUID

  8. WORLDWIDE SUPERCONDUCTIVITY MARKET YEAR 2000 CONECTUS , december 2001

  9. Applications of HTCS (YBCO e BSCCO) At present, technical difficulties in handling the materials and high costs (200 €/kAm) limit, the HTCS to niche applications. The technological research looks toward the energy transport and to devices like FCL and transformers. HTCS (YBCO e BSCCO) market: 15 M€ 1%

  10. Among the research application, particle physics largely uses superconducting materials, mainly for magnets and accelerating cavities. The choice between resistive and superconductive devices is generally related to technical aspects: the superconductor technology is often the only possibility to achieve the required performances.

  11. superconductivity in nuclear and subnuclear physics accelerating cavities Recyclotron STANFORD MUSL University of Illinois S-Dalinac Darmstat TRISTAN KEK HERA DESY CEBAF JEFFERSON LAB LEP CERN TESLA TF DESY J.Proch, Rep. Prog. Phys., 61, 431-482, 1998

  12. superconductivity in nuclear and subnuclear physics accelerating cavities Argonne National Laboratory Stony Brook Florida State University University of Washington CEN – Saclay JAERI INFN – LNL ANU – Canberra J.Proch, Rep. Prog. Phys., 61, 431-482, 1998

  13. superconductivity in nuclear and subnuclear physics magnets for accelerators TEVATRON FNAL RHIC BNL HERA DESY LHC (under construction) CERN

  14. superconductivity in nuclear and subnuclear physics magnets for accelerators ChalK River S.C. Canada K500 MSU K800 INFN – LNS K1200 MSU AGOR KVI Groningen + other 3 S.C. under construction

  15. superconductivity in nuclear and subnuclear physics detector magnets The first large superconducting detector magnet was constructed in the sixties: it was the solenoid for the 12 ft bubble chamber of Zero Gradient Synchrotron (Argonne National Laboratory) CELLO DELPHI CDF ZEUS TOPAZ BABAR VENUS ATLAS ALEPH CMS

  16. widest used superconducting materials : • Nb-Ti (magnet conductors) • Nb3Sn (magnet conductors) • Nb (accelerating cavities) At present, the material under development are: alloyed Nb3Sn, Nb3Al, YBCO, BSCCO and MgB2

  17. Pb Nb other material (NbN, Nb3Sn …) Niobium nitride superconductivity in nuclear and subnuclear physics materials for accelerating cavities RS=RBCS+RRES

  18. superconductivity in nuclear and subnuclear physics HTCS To reduce the thermal load at low temperature, the LHC magnets will be equipped with HTCS current leads. This one is the first large scale application of the HTCS in high energy physics.

  19. MgB2 Tc = 39 K  ITCS MgB2 is the binary compound with the highest critical temperature J.Nagamatsu, N.Nakagawa, T.Muranaka, Y.Zenitani, J.Akimitsu Nature 410 63 (2001)

  20. The material characteristics seems favourable for technological applications: • high critical temperature (39 K) • Bc2  15 T • no weak links (=5 nm) • low anisotropy • high critical current density (Jc5109A/m2a 20 K e 0 T) • low cost (extimated: 5 €/kAm) • On the other hand, the irreversibility field is relatively low: • 4 Tesla at 20 K

  21. Thanks to the know-how and the technologies developed for the production of HTCS conductors, few month after the discovery of the superconducting properties of MgB2, wires and tapes became available in several meter lengths.

  22. production technique of magnesium diboride conductors: in situ Powder in tubes (PIT) ex situ

  23. Like Nb3Sn, MgB2 requires a high temperature heat treatment to achieve good transport properties*. Two routes can be followed to construct a magnet: REACT & WIND WIND & REACT * Ex-situ PIT conductors have high critical current even without heat treatment!

  24. Thin films can be deposited by : Sputtering Evaporation Laser ablation from MgB2 cathode from precursor cathodes reactive sputtering

  25. Resonant cavities Squid Detectors Thin MgB2 films

  26. MgB2 Research programs on MgB2 in Italy

  27. Research (mainly fundamental) with ordinary funds (CNR, INFM, Universities) Industrial R&D (Ansaldo Superconduttori, Columbus Superconductors, Edison, Europa Metalli, Pirelli) INFN (Ma-Bo project) 2002-2004 INFM (MIUR funded project) 2004-2006

  28. Ma-Bo the INFN program (2002-2004) on magnesium diboride applications to nuclear and particle physics Genova Frascati National Laboratories Legnaro National Laboratories Milano Napoli Torino 30 people involved (about 10 FTE).

  29. Ma-Bo The research project Ma-Bo aims to understand if magnesium diboride could be used for particle physics applications. The research activities are related to: Magnets Thin films for cavities Thin films for detectors and other devices

  30. Ma-Bo is in collabotation with: ENEA INFM Universities Ansaldo Superconduttori Columbus Superconductors

  31. B MgB2 Cathodes I = 1A V = 400460 V t = 10min Mg Plasma Ar atmosphere Mg pellets Substrate Nb box Platform T “cold” Heater Thin films R.Vaglio, INFN and University of Naples

  32. Problems in using MgB2 for rf resonant cavities: • MgB2 is a double gap superconductor • A homogeneous, pure (single phase) film must be deposited onto large area substrates • The material is chemically instable (exposed to the atmosphere)

  33. e-D/KT f= 20 GHz Rs res  1 mW R.Vaglio, INFN and University of Naples

  34. XPS spectrum of a MgB2 film

  35. XPS spectrum of a MgB2 film (B 1s)

  36. XPS spectrum of a MgB2 film (Mg 2s)

  37. B(mT) magneto-optical analysis on MgB2 films Dendritic flux penetration E.Mezzetti, INFN and Politecnico di Torino

  38. Production of MgB2 tape (PIT method) at LAMIA laboratory (INFM) 3.5 mm x 0.3 mm SC fill factor 15-20% 100 meters

  39. n 10 100 1000 G.Grasso, INFM–LAMIA Genova

  40. G.Grasso, INFM–LAMIA Genova

  41. Ø145 mm MgB2“React&Wind”solenoid wound by Ansaldo Superconduttori with 80 m long INFM/Columbus tape

  42. React & wind technique 6 layers 27 turns/layer Diameter = 15 cm B = 1.35 mT/A, (coil center) B = 2.15 mT/A (BMAX at the conductor)

  43. Solenoid test in liquid helium bath Superconducting for most of the length No resistance observed at the layer joggle Localized dissipation at the inner electrical exit Despite the localizad dissipation (4 W at 47 A) the solenoid was able to carry 53 A before quenching (11 mT at the conductor, 6 mT at coil center)

  44. 20 cm Pancake coil wound by Ansaldo Superconduttori with 40 m tape(INFM/Columbus Superconductors)

  45. Test of the pancake coils in liquid helium bath Both the coils were fully superconducting Pancake #1 reached 215 A (BMAX=0.47 T, BC= 0.13 T) Pancake #2 reached 335 A (BMAX=0.74 T, BC= 0.20 T)

  46. Several problems must be solved but the feasibility of MgB2 magnets is clearly demonstrated

  47. Perspective for ITCS (MgB2) in nuclear and subnuclear physics • Easy to produce. • Low cost of the material. • No weak link. • High critical current density. • applications: • cryogen free, low field, superconducting magnets

  48. Powder density Grain dimension Nanoparticles inclusions Lattice disorder Doping Texturing Jc Hc2, Hirr Improvement of MgB2 properties

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