Journal 4/28

1. Journal 4/28 • “What enterprise is more noble and more profitable than the reclamation from barbarism of fertile regions and large populations.” – Winston Churchill • What can this quotation tell you about Europeans’ attitudes toward foreign nations that have not become westernized? • Copy/Date/Answer

2. Chapter 26 Vocab • Afrikaans • Shaka • Boer War • Paternalism • Assimilation • Meiji Restoration • Sino-Japanese War • Treaty of Shimonoseki • Platt Amendment • Panama Canal • Roosevelt Corollary • Imperialism • Settlement Colonies • Dependent Colonies • Protectorates • Spheres of Influence • Suez Canal • Fashoda Crisis • SamoryToure • Leopold II • Boers

3. Objectives • Explain what imperialism is and how imperialists sought to control other groups of people. • Identify the economic causes of Western imperialism. • Explore the ways in which Western imperialism was a product of cultural differences.

4. Western imperialism Chapter 26 section 1

5. Modern imperialism • During the 1800's, Europeans continued their expansion. • Little influence in new territories • By 1870 - began to take control of new territories • 1870 - 1914 = the height of imperialism • When one country takes control of another.

6. Imperialism • One country may control the other's: • Government, trade, or culture (nothing new) • New = strength of the modern nations • Europe, Japan, & the U.S. controlled almost the entire world by 1914. • Europeans would develop areasfor their benefit.

7. Types of control • Settlement colonies - people from one country living together in a new place. • Australia • Dependent colonies - European officials ruled the non-European people. • India • Protectorates - the local ruler kept his title, however Europeans really controlled the area. Other nations were kept out. • Spheres of influence - an area in which one nation had a special interest. Other nations agreed to respect those special interest.

8. National rivals • Nations believed colonies = respect • Colonies = bigger troops • Small islands were highly important • Strategic locations for coal refueling for naval ships • 1914 - bitter rivalries had grown among the imperial powers. • Huge armies and navies • Created hatred among colonized people • Led to world conflict

10. $$$$$$$$$$$ • Industrialization • Need for copper, rubber, and other raw materials for new industries. • Competition to control areas with a lot of raw material resources. • Production of large quantities now possible. • Looked to open up markets in Asia, Africa, and Latin America.

11. $$$$$$$ • Some imperialists believed they could open new markets by changing people's habits. • Try to convince people of central Africa to wear shirts and ties. • Rapid population growth • Estimated that population doubled between 1800 & 1900. • Europe could not provide enough jobs for the rising population • Many left their home countries • Populations of North America, South America, and Australia swelled with new settlers.

12. Cultural motives for imperialism • Industrialized nations thought they had a duty to spread western ideas & knowledge around the world. • People were lacking if their culture or religion differed from the west.

13. "The white man's burden" • A poem by British poet Rudyard Kipling in favor of British imperialism. " Take up the white man's burden- Send forth the best he breed- Go bind your sons in exile To serve your captives' need; To wait in heavy harness, On fluttered folk and wild- Your new- caught, sullen peoples, Half devil and half child." • Represents western attitude towards non-western people

14. Many Europeans agreed with Kipling • Thought non-western people were primitive & they were "helping" or "improving" them. • Justified imposing their own ideas on other people

15. Missionaries • Christian missionaries were very Clive during the age of imperialism. • Churches in Europe and the U.S. sent a growing number of people to colonies. • Not only tried to convert people, but also did other work. • Teachers, built schools, medical assistance, but hospitals, etc. • Helped spread knowledge of hygiene, medicine, sanitation, and Christianity.

16. Cultural – White Man’s Burden & Christian missionaries • Political – imperialists viewed colonies as sources of troops

17. Group Activity • 2-4 people per group • Draw up a plan for persuading people in non-industrialized areas to buy a good manufactured by Europeans or Americans during this time. (may require some research). • The plan should focus on one specific region • Ex) Southern Africa, India, Pacific Islands • Demonstrate a knowledge of the region’s culture, climate, and any other factors that would affect what goods inhabitants might be interested in; and include compelling marketing plans. (will require research) • Illustrate your plan with a marketing poster towards the targeted region.

18. European claims in Africa Chapter 26 section 2 & 3

19. The french • 1830 - occupied Algiers, a Muslim state of the Ottoman Empire • Continuous rebellions against the French. • Settled many colonists there • Took control of Tunis in 1881 becoming a French protectorate. • Morocco became a sphere of influence for France • Deal made with Britain, Spain, & Italy

20. North africa • Egypt was part of the Ottoman Empire, though the empire was weakening. • 1864 - the Egyptian gov't allowed the French to start building a canal. • The Suez Canal - connect Mediterranean Sea & Red Sea • It cost Egypt a lot of money, to avoid bankruptcy they sold their stock to Britain. • Now controlled by Britain

22. The fashoda crisis • Great Britain & France were interested in Sudan (south of Egypt). • France - already controlled colonies in the area. • Britain - wanted to build dams on the Nile. • France sent troops to the area around the upper Nile at Fashoda. • British troops arrived two months later. • French knew they could not defeat the British & gave in to them. • Great Britain & Egypt had joint control • Anglo - Egyptian Sudan

23. Sub-Saharan africa • Europeans began to push inland by the late 1800's. • Eager to control the sources of the products they traded. • Often met resistance • French wanted control of Senegal but a fierce revolt was led by SamoryTouré. • The French eventually won and gained control of a avast area known as French West Africa. • By the early 1900's, France, Great Britain, Germany, Spain, and Portugal claimed almost all of West Africa.

25. Central and east africa • A journalist from the New York Herald was sent to find a missing missionary in central Africa. • The journalist thought Europeans should develop the area he explored. • He tried but failed to interest the British gov't. • He turned to King Leopold II of Belgium. • He carved out a personal colony of 900,000 • East Africa was divided among European nations. • A famine helped them colonize because the people were too weak to resist the Europeans.

27. Southern Africa • Dutch settlers founded Cape Town as a supply station for ships sailing to the East Indies. • Grew into a large colony called Cape Colony • In the early 1800’s the British took control of Cape Colony and many people left the colony going east and north (the Great Trek). • These people were known as the Boers, spoke their own language known as Afrikaans. • They came into contact with the Zulu, under the leader Shakaand they fought for control of the region

29. The Boer War • In 1879 the British joined the war, defeating the Zulu and destroying their empire. • In 1899 the South African War broke out, known as the Boer War between the Boers and the British. • The British allowed the Boers to keep their language and culture to bring peace. • United Cape Colony and the three Boer colonies (the Union of South Africa).

31. Effects of Imperialism on Africa • In most areas Europeans controlled all levels of government and the laws of the people. • They believed that Africans were not capable of ruling themselves = paternalism. • Africans did get some benefits: • New crops and new ways of farming • Medicine • Roads and Railroads – improved trading and communication • Some African leaders even sought alliances with Europeans to benefit their countries.

32. Effects of Imperialism on Africa • Most other African nations wanted to stop the invasion of Europeans but could not resist them. • They insisted on maintaining their own identity and did not accept European culture even though the Europeans wanted them to. • The French even hoped for complete assimilation, which happens when people give up their own culture and adopt another.