Whiteflies Biology and control Spain

1. Whiteflies Biology and control Spain MODULE C15

2. Index • Taxonomy • 2. Importance as pests • 3. Distribution: pests and viruses • 4. Life cycle • 5. Plant damage • 6. Monitoring • 7. Control • 8. IPM based on Biological Control

3. Taxonomy Order Hemiptera. Family Aleyrodidae Trialeurodes vaporariorum Bemisia tabaci

4. Adults Nymphs Eggs Whiteflyspeciesidentification T. vaporariorum B. tabaci Adaptadoed from New York State Integrated Pest Management Program Online publications

5. B. tabacias plant virus vector TYLCV CYSDV CVYV • B. tabaci is a very efficient vector • High economic losses • Early infections • Very low spray threshold • Overuse of insecticides

6. Importance as pests • Attack high value crops (protected vegetables and ornamentals) • Plant virus transmission specially B. tabaci • Introduced pests in many regions • (by man) • Quarantine species

7. Whitefly species distribution Distribution of whitefly species in tomato

8. TYLCV & TYLCSV TYLCV & TYLCSV ß ß ß ß ß ß ß ß ß ß ß ß ß ß ß ß ß ß ß ß ß ß ß ß ß ß ß ß ß ß ß ß ß ß ß ß ß ß ß ß ß ß ß ß ß ß ß ß Lebanon Lebanon ß ß ß ß ß ß ß ß ß ß ß ß ß ß Algeria Algeria ß ß Tunisia Tunisia Israel Israel Morocco Morocco ß ß ß ß ß ß ß ß ß ß Egypt Egypt ß ß ß ß ß ß ß ß Reunion Reunion Island Island Canary Canary Islands Islands Bemisia transmitted viruses on tomato Geographical distribution of the virus: TYLCV and TYLCSV

9. Whiteflylifecycle Adults Eggs Nymphs Bemisiatabaci Trialeurodesvaporariorum

10. Whiteflydamage • Damage • Weakening of the plant • Black mould • Virus transmission

11. Monitoring for decision making • Chemical control mainly based on calendar treatments • IPM strategies mainly based on monitoring • Whitefly species always identified • Sampling neither associated to the IPM control strategy nor to the growing cycle but to the production area.

12. Controlstrategies: cultural measures • use plant material free from pests • remove weeds and remains from the previous crop • keep the area surrounding the greenhouse clean • keep cover material and enclosures in good conditions • be careful with neighboring crops highly infested • do not leave abandoned crops in the field.

13. Control strategies 2 • IPM-based on the rational use of insecticides • IPM-based on biological control (BC) • Chemical control, based only on the use of insecticides • Organic production (insecticide-free approaches On protected environments, effective whitefly control is principally achieved through Integrated Pest Management (IPM) strategies

14. Control Strategies 1 Chemical Control: rotated insecticide a.i. to delay the appearance of resistant biotypes of Bemisia Biological control: conservation and augmentative releases of polyphagous predators and parasitoids..

15. ▲: Eretmocerus mundus • ▲: Eretmocerus eremicus • ● : Encarsia formosa • * : Macrolophus caliginosus • : Nesidiocoris tenuis • : Typhlodromips swirskii • : Dicyphus hesperus   * ▲ ▲ ▲   * * ▲ ▲ ▲ ●  ●  * ▲    ▲ * * ▲ ▲ ▲ ▲ * ▲ * ● ▲ ▲  ▲ ▲  *  * ▲   * ▲ *  ▲ ▲ Morocco ● Israel    ▲   ● ▲ ▲ ▲ Reunion Island Canary Islands Control strategies:Biological Control Natural enemies used to control whiteflies

16. Control strategies: Biological Control

17. parasitoids predators Natural enemies: release rates (indv./m2) Macrolophus caliginosus Nesidiocoris tenuis Eretmocerus mundus Encarsia formosa Area Cycle