Chapter 5

1. Chapter 5 Structure Class Words

2. Chapter 5: Grammar Safari • Find a ‘real-life’ error involving one of the structures discussed in the text • Identify the problem • Show us both the problem & correction • Example: • I love deserts, but pie we had was terrible. P: Definite, countable nouns require articles C: “… but the pie we had was terrible.”

3. Form-Class vs. Structure-Class

4. Compare… Glob ostriches ate larm drankplonk glob baffled lion. The androokers plurkedand urkled beside the broofledlumphet. • Which is easier to make sense of? • What does this tell us about form vs. structure classes?

5. Articles: Small but Important…

6. 2 • 4 • 6 • 8 How Many Articles? What do articles do, grammatically?

7. Determiners • Traditional Definition • Usually only talk about articles (a, an, the) • Linguistic definition • signals a NOUN is on it’s way • gives grammatical information about the coming noun • Ø, a, an, the, some, few, much, many, this, that, these, those, my, Dave’s, etc.

8. Determiners: Function • I got ______ sand in my shoe. Ø some the * a • c.f. “Count” vs. “Non-count” • Shift in meaning: this, Joe’s…

9. Grouping by Meaning… • ? Katie went to ? Greenville. • ? dogs are good ? pets. • Katie is ? dog. Try to use: Ø, a, an, the, some, few, much, many, this, that, these, those, my, Dave’s, etc.

10. Which does NOT fit? • Katie is ? dog. • a • my • some • those - Why? - What information does the determiner provide?

11. ? Katie went to ? Greenville… • Determiners tell us about NOUNs • Count vs. non-count • Possession • Quantity • Location relative to speaker • Actual or metaphorical/emotional… • Specific (known) vs. generic (unknown) • AKA: Definite & Indefinite; Old & New

12. Determiners vs. Adjectives • Determiners • No prefixes/suffixes • Fixed positions with the noun • Rarely added or deleted from a language • Adjectives (Review from Chpt 4) • Can change form • Occur in attributive or complement positions • Come & go naturally and regularly in language • nerdy, phat, seniorish…

13. DET // Demonstrative ADJ • This, That, These, Those… • Our Text: • Determiners • Many School Texts: • Demonstrative Adjectives • Answer “which one”

14. Find the Determiners • The third time someone’s phone rang in the middle of the night, Herb lost his temper. (you should also be able to tell what information they give about the noun)Exercise 5.1

15. 2 • 4 • 6 • 8 How Many Determiners? • The community can’t provide enough water for more houses on this land. What are they doing grammatically?

16. Diagramming Determiners pi A pumpkin Just like adjectives…

17. A Pumpkin Pi Tree NP Det Adj N A pumpkin pi

18. Form vs. Structure… Cont’d

19. 5.2 & 5.3 • Diagrams & Trees • Enough friends • His friends • All my friends • Their only other friends

20. ESL Awareness… • Subconscious grammar rules ≠ English • Spanglish, Chinglish, etc. may result • Examples: • *Me bought a car red (≈ Hispanic) • *I bought car from car dealer (≈ Chinese) What can you infer about Spanish Adj’s? --- about Chinese articles?

21. Any Questions… …before we move on?

22. Qualifiers • AKA: Intensifiers… • Often treated as a sub-class of ADV… • http://screencast.com/t/kSOxghl7dqA

23. Know a Qualifier... • Test frame sentence: • The handsome man seems ___ handsome • Modifies (increasing or decreasing…) • noun • adjective • adverb • prepositional phrase (only a few qualifiers)

24. Find the Qualifier (which balloon?) A B C D

25. Qualifier Usage • Dialectal • Wicked • Informal • Really • Formal • Quite • Rather

26. Are “totally” and “all” qualifiers in these contexts? I. Christine is totallymad at her boyfriend II. … so she was alllike “I told you so.” • Neither I nor II • Only I • Only II • Both I and II

27. Qualifiers Warning… Part I • Described by one as used when people: • “…haven’t decided what to say” • “have decided but don’t have the courage to stand behind it” • “simply feel the need to clear their throat in the middle of a sentence” • Examples: • He’s like twenty • Manning is arguably the best quarterback in the NFL Yagoda, 2007

28. 1 • 2 • 3 • 4 Word Search… • Count the determiners, auxiliary verbs and qualifiers below Perhaps if you had not killed off the hero so quickly in the first chapter, you would have found it easier to continue with your novel… Exercise 5.6

29. Any Questions… …before we move on?

30. Prepositions “Prepositions are the nerves and ligaments of all discourse” The English Accidence qtd in Yagoda, 2007 • Prepositions on YouTube… • Grammar Rock: Prepositions (simplified, but nostalgic) • http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=L4jIC5HLBdM • Some Professor Dude… (NOT ME… Accurate, detailed, & boring…) • http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=HlGJ6FsnhDQ&feature=related

31. Prepositions (& prepositional phrases) • It was Mr. Plum • After supper • In the library • With the hammer • For the sweet revenge • Think about it… • How do prepositions appear in sentences? • What purpose(s) do they serve?

32. Prepositions • Sets up a phrase with a nominal • with a friend, onthe couch, throughoutthe summer, etc • Tells location of a nominal • with, on, after, by, against, etc • Physically, Metaphorically or Temporally … • …Squirrel & Hollow Log • …Bird & a Cloud…

33. Preposition Puppy

34. Preposition or Adverb? • He walked along the road. • They all sang along. (Hint: If there is no object, it can’t be a preposition) • I = Adv… II = Preposition • I & II - Both Adverbs • I & II - Both Prepositions • I = Preposition… II = Adv

35. Diagramming Prepositions along road the Remember: Nouns go on flat lines Words that modify go on slanted lines…

36. Tree-ing PP Prep NP Det N along the road

37. Prepositional Phrases As… • Our visitors had a dog with big teeth. • A dog with a hungry look in his eyes. • They strolled along the river. • They went after sunset. • Without fear, they wandered about listening to music. • The band was out of this world!

38. More Diagramming dog a with look a in eyes hungry his Nouns go on flat lines Words that modify go on slanted lines…

39. FYI Even More Diagramming The band was out of this world. out of___ _world_ band was \ this the_ Use Pedestals for phrases that fill a main slot: Subj, Verb, Obj…

40. ID the Prepositional Phrase Adj or Adv? Adj Adv Neither Both

41. Dangling Preposition…

42. MYTH: Never end a sentence with a preposition.  The company of which he was the president The company he was president of.  Dance with the partner you came with Dance with the partner with whom you came What makes the difference?

43. Compare These • Roppolo could not find any conclusive evidence to the first usage of the word blue with this meaning. We do not know from where it comes. • The word wicked usually has different meanings because of where we come from. • Focus on final preposition…

44. Other Prepositional Dangers • The challenges of adapting a highly read novel into a film successfully is difficult to do in two hours of screen time. Subject-Verb agreement – likely caused by intervening prepositional phrases…

45. Grammar Guide Suggestion • Target 10% prepositions in your writing • To reduce prepositions: • Delete: • …vice president of the corporation • Simplify • … is the owner of… • Replace • … did it with style • the coat of the model

46. Any Questions… …before we move on?

47. Phrasal Verbs • AKA: Two word verbs • Idioms • “Combination of words that cannot be predicted from the meaning of their parts” • Look up a word in the dictionary… • Sit out this round… • Verbal Particles: up, out, etc.

48. Verb Particles or Prepositions? • Oscar looked up the roadbefore he turnedinto his driveway. • Oscar looked up the spelling of a word before he turned in his paper. • Tests: • Meaning • Moveability (particle can often be moved)

49. Phrasal Verbs: Diagrams & Trees Oscar looked up spelling… S NP V NP Oscar looked up … the_ Phrasal verbs are just verbs…

50. Phrasal Verb? • Yes • No