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Muslim Empires: Gunpowder Legacy of Ottoman, Safavid, Mughal Dynasties

Explore the intertwined histories of the Ottoman, Safavid, and Mughal empires, known as the "Gunpowder Empires," with their centralized Islamic rule, government bureaucracies, military successes, religious tolerance, and architecture patronage.

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Muslim Empires: Gunpowder Legacy of Ottoman, Safavid, Mughal Dynasties

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  1. CHAPTER 21: MUSLIM EMPIRES Ottoman, Safavid and Mughal dynasties

  2. “Gunpowder empires” - similarities • Islamic • Centralized government • Sultan - Ottoman • Shah - Safavid • Emperor - Mughal • Bureaucracies managed the empires (Ottoman bureaucracy was the most extensive)

  3. They existed at around the same time –Suleiman (Ottoman), Abbas I (Safavid), Akbar (Mughal) were the rulers at the height of each empire and were contemporaries. • Warrior aristocrats were awarded land and peasants for support of leader

  4. Weapons: cannons and muskets were the key for these empires’ successes

  5. Each had slavery as an institution • non-Muslims were slaves • the status of slaves varied widely Concubines of India

  6. Leaders patronized the arts Example: Architecture • huge focus of these leaders’ energies • incorporated Islamic elements Istanbul: Sulimaniye mosque

  7. Dehli: Red Fort

  8. Taj Mahal

  9. Safavid: Shah Mosque (note the blue tiles)

  10. Religious tolerance • Government positions were available to outsiders and non-Muslims • Ottoman empire • Janissaries • Devshirme • Russian army slave boys in the Safavid dynasty

  11. Dhimmi • Millets • Overall, the Ottoman empire was more religiously tolerant than other early modern societies

  12. Religious intolerance • Religious minorities were persecuted at times • e.g. Sikhs in Mughal empire • Non-Muslims paid higher taxes • Missionary efforts and reforms aimed at religious nonconformists

  13. Differences and conflicts • The split between Sunni and Shi’a traditions of Islam intensified • Safavid used Shiism to legitimize their rule • Day of Ashura: http://www.washingtonpost.com/world/shiite-muslims-mark-day-of-ashura/2011/12/05/gIQAa8PTWO_gallery.html#photo=1 • Ottoman Sunnis frequently conflicted with Shi’a Safavids

  14. Dark green: Shi’a populations today

  15. Similar factors leading to decline • Stretched too thin • Succession issues • Corrupt and/or inept leaders • Taxation and poor treatment of peasants revolts and rebellions

  16. C LAND BASED EMPIRES VS. SEA BASED EMPIRES

  17. Land Based Sea Based • Self-defense extremely important • Examples? • Ottoman, Russian, Mughal, Ming • Relatively Large • Expensive • Focused on agricultureand notindustry • Many were located in arid & uninhabitable areas • Involved in forced labor • Power was centralized • Largest administrative and economic systems from 1500 and 1800, because they were more of a threat to each other • Few strategic concerns • Examples? • Spain, Portugal, England • Relatively Small • Self-sufficient • Settled in in profitable areas • Involved in forced labor • Power “divided” amongst lands • Benefited from private investors or joint-stock companies

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