INDUSTRIAL TECHNOLOGY-METAL ASSOCIATED THEORY

1. INDUSTRIAL TECHNOLOGY-METALASSOCIATED THEORY TOPIC 3. HAND TOOLS & FABRICATION VICES CLAMPS CUTTING TINSIPS & CHISELS FILES HAMMERS FASTENERS SCREWDRIVERS

2. VICES Bench vices have jaws to grip the work better, but should have jaws fitted when holding polished work or material subject to damage. serrated soft The common bench vice is used to hold work whilst cutting, filing and bending. The vice is used to hold materials that are being drilled or milled. machine The handle is long enough to enable the jaws to be tightened sufficiently. Material which is long can be supported in an Vices are usually made from iron. They have threads. Vices should not be cast offset vice square over-tightened.

3. CLAMPS Spring clamp Made of light metal or plastic this clamp holds parts together prior to riveting or spot welding. G clamp Vice grips or locking pliers Sash clamp These come in a variety of nose shapes and are useful for holding parts prior to welding and brazing. This small clamp is used to hold small components when shaping or sharpening. Toolmaker’s clamp

4. CUTTING Most metals, including mild steel which contains less than % carbon, can be cut with ordinary hand tools, including hacksaws and chisels. Hacksaw blades have hardened but the remainder of the blade is to allow flexibility. Blades usually come in three grades Teeth soft 0.1 18, 24 & 32 tpi Jeweller’s saw This saw has very fine teeth and is used for intricate cutting such as in jewellery making. Adjustablehacksaw The teeth always point towards the so that the hacksaw cuts on the stroke. The direction of the cutting stroke is indicated by an printed on the blade. front Bench Shears One person only should operate, & keep fingers clear of the blade. forward arrow

5. TINSNIPS COLD CHISELS Tinsnips can be used to cut sheet metal up to mm thick. There are two main types. 0.5 The flat chisel is used for general cutting operations. Round nose chisels can cut oil grooves or form an internal fillet. Straight snips are used to cut along straight lines or around outside curves. The diamond point chisel is used to prepare joints for welding. Curved snips are used to cut inside curves. (These snips curve to the left) The cross cut chisel is used to cut keyways or slots.

6. FILES & FILING Files are made of steel. taper body tang handle toe 1.25 to 1.5% carbon tool There are three main grades of files used in the workshop. “Grade” refers to the size of the The coarsest grades is called The next grade is called The finest grade is called Hand files have sides and one edge has teeth. bastard second cut smooth. parallel no teeth. WARNING! Never use a file without a handle. Never hit a file or try to bend it. Do not use a file as a lever. Half round Round, or rat tail square flat

7. HAMMERS • PRECAUTIONS! • Check for a loose-fitting head. • Never hit hammer faces together. Ball Pein Forging, riveting and bending. Soft-faced Assembly of metal components subject to damage. SPANNERS & FASTENERS Open end spanners will fit square and hexagon nuts. Ring spanners have 12 sides and allow movement in tight locations. Sockets are used in confined spaces. sockets Open end spanner Ring spanners Ratchet Extension

8. FASTENERS Cup head bolt & hexagon nut Binding or Pan head Hexagon head bolt & nut Countersunk head Machine or Set screw Calculate the size of the core of the screw. Precision Self-locking Many specialist fasteners are also available, with new ones being constantly designed. Socket screw

9. SCREWDRIVERS Slotted Phillips Choose a bit that fits the head of the screw snugly. Adjust the torque settings on the drill

10. The End of Topic 3 Don’t forget your assignment!