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Russian Revolutions & Chinese Nationalism: A Study in 20th-Century Upheaval

Explore the tumultuous period from 1900-1939, focusing on revolutions in Russia and the collapse of Imperial China amid wars, political changes, and ideological shifts. From the czarist resistance to Bolshevik rule, economic upheavals, and the rise of totalitarianism under Stalin, to the fall of Imperial China and the quest for modernization by the Nationalists, this era shaped the course of history significantly. Analyzing key events, figures like Lenin, Trotsky, and Stalin, as well as the impact of WWI, these chapters shed light on the complex interplay between revolution and nationalism in two major world powers undergoing dramatic transformations.

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Russian Revolutions & Chinese Nationalism: A Study in 20th-Century Upheaval

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  1. Revolution & Nationalism 1900-1939 Chapter 14

  2. Chapter 14 Section 1 Revolutions in Russia

  3. Kak Dela? How are you?

  4. Czar Resist Change • Alexander III • succeeded Alexander II • Stopped all reforms in Russia • Liked Autocracy • Anyone who questioned absolute authority, Worshiped outside Russian Orthodox, spoke different language - Labeled as dangerous

  5. Alexander III • Strict censorship (including private letters) • Teachers had to send detailed reports on all students • Political prisoners - sent to Siberia • Russian - official language ban all others • Made Jews target of persecution (pogroms)

  6. Nicholas II • Blind too the changing times • Lags in Industrialization • Worlds longest rail line - Trans-siberian railway • connected European Russia to Pacific Ocean

  7. Revolutionary Movement • Industrialization brings discontent • Bad working conditions • low wages • child labor • Karl Marx - establishes a following • Workers would overthrow Tzar • Form "Dictatorship of the proletariat"

  8. Marxists split • Mensheviks • moderates wanted broad base of popular support • Bolsheviks • radicals supported smaller number of committed • Willing to sacrifice everything for change • Leader was Vladimir Hyich Ulyanov - Lenin

  9. Crises • Russo-Japanese War • Wanted control of Korea and Manchuria • Russia broke agreements • Japan attacks Port Arther - led to revolts • Bloody Sunday • 200,000 workers march on Tzar palace • Wanted better working conditions, legislature • Tzar ordered to fire into crowd • 1,000 wounded, several hundred killed • Tzar gives into Duma - dissolved after 10 weeks

  10. WWI • Nicholas II takes Russia into WWI • Not able to handle military & economic costs • Less than 1 year 1 million Russian troops killed • Nic moves to front, leaves wife in charge • Czarina falls under influence of Rasputin • 1916 Rasputin murdered • Soldiers deserted, mutinied, ignored orders • Prices inflated

  11. Tzar • Forced to step down from rule • 3 centuries of Romanovs collapses • Provisional government ruler decides to stay in war • Costs him support • Groups begin to form Soviets • Lenin • Germans believe return will hurt Russian war effort • Arrives in Petrograd in 1917

  12. Bolshevik Revolution • Bolshevik Red Guards storms winter palace • Within days land is distributed among the peasants • Bolsheviks sign truce with German to stop fighting • Gave up large amounts of Russian land • Causes people to be upset with Bolsheviks

  13. Civil War in Russia • Bolsheviks fight Russian enemies • Opponents form White Army • Wanted Tzarist rule, socialism or democracy • Barely cooperated • 14 million Russians die in 3 years

  14. Changes • NEP • Allows peasants to sell surplus • Government controls - banks, industries etc. • Political • Saw nationalism as a threat • organized into several self governing republics • 1922 names Union of Soviet Socialist Republics • Bolsheviks rename party - Communist Party

  15. Stalin • Lenin suffers stroke in 1922 • 2 petition for leadership • Leon Trotsky & Joseph Stalin • Stalin - "Man of Steel" • 1928 Stalin had total control of Communist Party • Trotsky forces into exile in 1929

  16. Chapter 14 Section 2 Pg. 440 Totalitarianism

  17. Total Control • Totalitarianism - control over every aspect of life • Provide a sense of security and direction • Has to be able to build support

  18. Police/Indoctrination • uses terror • Police serve to enforce the central government’s policies (spying/intimidation) • Instruction in government beliefs - mold peoples minds

  19. Propaganda & censorship • Biased or incomplete information to sway people • Create enemies of the state - blame all problems on them

  20. Stalin • Great Purge • 1934 Stalin turns against communist party • 1937 Bolsheviks put on trial - executed • Responsible for 8-13 million deaths

  21. Command economy • Government makes all economic decisions • Five year plan • Set impossibly high quotas to increase outputs • Government limits production of consumer goods • Provided impressive economic results

  22. Collective farms • Combining large government owned farms • Providing food for the state • 5-10 million die because of agriculture revolution

  23. Chapter 14 Section 3 Pg. 448 Imperial China Collapses

  24. Nationalists • Nationalist party pushes for modernization • Revolutionary Alliance overthrows Qing dynasty • Sun (President of Republic of China • Nationalism - end to foreign control • People’s rights - democracy • People’s livelihood • economic security for all Chinese • Sun did not have support or military strength • Turns over presidency to General Yuan Shikai • Betrays democratic ideals • After death in 1916 civil war begins

  25. WWI • China joins allies • Hopes for a return of Chinese territories • Under Treaty of Versailles - allies give land to Japan • Sparks revolts & nationalism • China turns away from western ideals • Turns towards Lenin - Soviet Communism

  26. Communist Party • China befriends Lenin & Russia • Peasants agree with communism • Nationalists clash with communists • nationalists slaughter communists • U.S. & Britain recognize nationalist government • Russia does not • Massacre of communists erupts into civil war • While China fights Japan invades • Communists & Nationalists suspend civil war to fight Japan

  27. Chapter 14 Section 4 PAGE 453 NATIONALISM IN INDIA AND SOUTHWEST ASIA

  28. INDIAN NATIONALISM • 2 Groups form to end foreign rule • Congress Party • Muslim League • No nationalism before WWI • Over a million indians sign up for British army • Britain promises reforms • They do not reform

  29. Rowlatt Acts • When Britain does not reform causes riots • Passes Rowlatt Acts to jail protestors • To protest Rowlatt Indians go to Amritar • Britain had outlawed public meetings • Indians did not know that • Britain fires into crowd and kills 400 wounds 1,200

  30. Gandhi • Leader of Independent movement • Blended ideas from all major world religions • Britain fails to punish officers who fire into crowd • Gandhi pushes for noncooperation with Britain • Civil Disobedience • Called for boycotts • Salt March • Defy Salt Acts • Walked 240 miles to coast • Collected salt water to make own salt

  31. Self Rule • 1935 • Passes Government of India Act • local-self government & limited democratic elections

  32. Southwest Asia • Turkey becomes a republic • Ottoman Empire forced to give up all territories • Except Turkey • Turkey fights off invaders & Ottomans - Wins independence

  33. 14.3 & 14.4 vocabulary Due Wednesday Homework

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