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Chapter 1: Advent of Commercial Computing

Chapter 1: Advent of Commercial Computing . 1945- 1956. Univac Advertisement - 1955. “You… fellows ought to go back and change your program entirely, stop this… foolishness with Eckert & Mauchley” - Howard Aiken, 1948. * Historical Note: there were no computer scientists. Hollerith to IBM.

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Chapter 1: Advent of Commercial Computing

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  1. Chapter 1: Advent of Commercial Computing 1945- 1956

  2. Univac Advertisement - 1955 “You… fellows ought to go back and change your program entirely, stop this… foolishness with Eckert & Mauchley” - Howard Aiken, 1948 * Historical Note: there were no computer scientists

  3. Hollerith to IBM • 1880 – US Census Bureau • 1890 – Tabulating Machines • Tabulating Machines Co. • International Business Machines • Unit record equipment • Decks of punch cards • Basis of IBM’s success

  4. Punch Card Systems • Same operation on each record of deck • Not well suited for scientific applications • 1930’s – Some scientific users • IBM – through the 1950’s • Sold thousands of pc systems • Card Programmed Calculator (CPC) • Variety of new components • Cable Connections

  5. Punch Card Equipment

  6. ENIAC • J. Presper Eckert & John Mauchley • U. of PA Moore School of EE • Firing tables of US Army • 18,000 vacuum tubes • Pressure to complete • 1949 • Programming • Plug Cables • Set Switches

  7. First College Computer Course • Summer 1946 • Moore School of Engineering @ U of PA with U. S. Military • Theory & Techniques for Design of Electronic Digital Computers • Result of the staff’s inability to accommodate requests for information after unveiling of the ENIAC

  8. Howard Aiken • Harvard mathematician • MARK I Calculator • “You fellows ought to go back and change your program entirely, stop this foolishness with Mauchley & Eckert.” • US need for only 5 or 6 such machines

  9. EDVAC • Electronic Discrete Variable Computer • “An important feature of this device was that operating instructions and function tables would be stored exactly in the same sort of memory device as that used for numbers.” • 6 months later – Mauchley & Eckert left to form UNIVAC (stored program computer)

  10. John von Neumann • Chance Meeting with Herman Goldstine • “First Draft of a report on EDVAC” • June 30th, 1945 • Von Neumann Architecture • Instruction and data in same memory device • *Summer 1946- Moore School - 1st course • “Theory & Techniques for Design of Electronic Digital Computers”

  11. Eckert Mauchley Computer Corp. • Left PA March 31, 1946 (patent disagreement) • Incorporated in Dec. 1948 • *DETAILS IN VIDEO* • Bought by Remington-Rand • 1st UNIVAC - US Census Bureau • March 31st, 1951 • #2 Pentagon: USAF June 1952 • See Table on Pg. 28 for installations

  12. UNIVAC Features • One Memory for data & Instructions (1000 words) • Binary Coded Decimal • Clock Speed 2.25 MHz • 465 Multiplications/ Second • Mercury Tubes and Magnetic Tape (no cards) • Excessive Redundancy – reliability • Alphanumeric Processing • Check Bits & Buffers • Output – high speed line printer (1954)

  13. UNIVAC 1 – Central Computer

  14. UNIVAC – The First Users (p.26) • *Revolutionary: tape replaced punch cards • Too late for 1950 Census; some state work • USAF & Atomic Energy Commission • Pentagon- Project SCOOP • Scientific Computation of Optimum Problems- Linear programming discovered • 1952- Presidential Election • UNIVAC became generic • G.E: 1st Payroll Oct. 15, 1954

  15. IBM • Still selling punch card machines • May 1952 - IBM 701- 2000 mult/sec (4x UNIVAC) • Hired Von Neumann as consultant • 1st 701 - IBM Headquarters, NY, Dec. 1952 • 2nd - Los Alamos Nuclear Weapons Lab, ’53 • 19 Built- US Def. Dept or military aerospace firms • Rent Only: $15,000 a month • September ’53 -702 - built 14

  16. Punch Card Computer System Railroad Computer 1967

  17. Engineering Research Associates • Spun off from NAVY • Seymour Cray, William Norris • Task 13 – general purpose electronic computer, 1947 to 1951 • Atlas for NAVY; Model 1101 for public • Bought by Remington Rand • 1103 - 1st core memory (not tubes)

  18. Magnetic Drum • Late 1930’s –John V. Atanasoff • ERA developed; 4.3 to 34 inch diameter • Inexpensive but slow • Number of inexpensive Computers in 1950’s • Computer Research Corp., CA • Bought by National Cash Register • Labrascope/General Precision • 400@ $30,000, one of cheapest ever Univac Drum

  19. Magnetic Drum (contd) • Bendix • Minimum latency coding for drum (Turing) • 400 @ $45,000 • Fast but difficult to program • Bought by Control Data Corp. • IBM 650, 1954 (modest computer) • 1000@ $3,500 per month • Universities 60% discount Mag Drum 1961

  20. Summary • First Generation of Computer • Cards, Tubes, Tapes, Drums, Diodes… • Numerous start-ups bought out • IBM & Others quite successful

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