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Imaging with Waves

This overview explores the evolution of imaging devices from the basic camera obscura to advanced optical and electron microscopy techniques. Discover how magnification and the diffraction limit impact our ability to resolve fine details in images. Contributions from pioneers like Antonie van Leeuwenhoek and Ernst Abbe established foundational concepts in microscopy. We delve into superresolution techniques and X-ray crystallography, revealing structures at the molecular level, including proteins and DNA, enhancing our understanding of biological processes.

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Imaging with Waves

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  1. Imaging with Waves

  2. camera obscura modern imaging device Creating images with light

  3. Magnification with 2 lenses Steering waves

  4. Antonie van Leeuwenhoek Seeing small things

  5. The compound microscope

  6. Seeing sharper

  7. Modern optical microscopy

  8. Airy Disk 2 0.61•/NA Focusing down NA = n•sin

  9. Ernst Abbe (1840-1905) The diffraction limit Objects spaced apart by less than d~/2NA cannot be resolved individually!

  10. Images can be improved by using shorter wavelengths Imaging with the diffraction limit Object Focal spot Image

  11. 780 nm 650 nm CD versus DVD 7x more data on DVD because of different wavelength! (Blu-Ray DVD uses 405 nm, 6x more data than DVD)

  12. UV lithography

  13. Superresolution

  14. Single molecules

  15. Seeing single molecules at work

  16. Seeing single molecules at work

  17. using EM radiation Seeing smaller things using particles  of particles: Electron with v = 1.0 x 105 m/s:

  18. Electron Microscopy Resolution ~ 0.2 nm

  19. Electron Microscopy

  20. Cryo-Electron Microscopy

  21. Cryo-Electron Microscopy

  22. Cryo-Electron Microscopy Viral DNA portal protein

  23. Wilhelm Conrad Röntgen (1845-1923) What are X-rays? Electromagnetic radiation with wavelength of ~10-10 m

  24. Bragg diffraction Diffraction pattern Focusing or diffracting? 2d sin = n

  25. X-ray crystallography

  26. Protein structure determination X-ray crystallography reveals electron densities

  27. Protein structure determination

  28. No longer a mystery

  29. No longer a mystery DNA polymerase on the DNA backbone

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