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Ch. 19 Reproductive System

Ch. 19 Reproductive System. Male Reproductive SystemOrgans classified as essential or accessoryEssential organs are testes that produce sperm.Accessory organsDucts passageways that carries sperm from testes to exteriorSex glands produce protective and nutrient solution for spermExternal ge

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Ch. 19 Reproductive System

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    1. Ch. 19 Reproductive System Common Structural Characteristics Can be identified between sexes Systems are adapted for development of sperm and egg Sex hormones in both sexes are important in development of secondary sexual characteristics & normal reproductive activity

    2. Ch. 19 Reproductive System Male Reproductive System Organs classified as essential or accessory Essential organs are testes that produce sperm. Accessory organs Ducts – passageways that carries sperm from testes to exterior Sex glands – produce protective and nutrient solution for sperm External genitals

    3. Ch. 19 Reproductive System Testes – gonads of men Structure and location Testes in scrotum for lower than body temperature Covered by tunica albuginea, which divided testes into lobules containing seminiferous tubules Interstitial cells produce testosterone Functions Spermatogenesis is process of sperm production Sperm precursors called spermatogonia Meiosis produces primary spermatocyte which forms 4 spermatids containing 23 chromosomes.

    4. Ch. 19 Reproductive System Spermatoza – highly specialized cell Head contains genetic material Acrosome contains enzymes to assist sperm in penetration of ovum Mitochondria provide energy for movement

    5. Ch. 19 Reproductive System Production of testosterone by interstitial cells Testosterone “masculinizes” and promotes male accessory organs. Stimulates protein anabolism and development of muscle strength

    6. Ch. 19 Reproductive System Reproductive ducts – ducts through which sperm pass after exiting testes until the exit the body Epididymis – single tube 6 m long; lies on top and behind testes Sperm mature and develop capacity for motility as they pass through epididymis

    7. Ch. 19 Reproductive System Ductus (vas) deferens – receives sperm from epididymis and transports them from scrotal sac through the abdominal cavity Passes through inguinal canal Joins duct of seminal vesicle to for ejaculatory duct.

    8. Ch. 19 Reproductive System

    9. Ch. 19 Reproductive System Accessory sex glands – semen: Mixture of sperm and secretions of accessory sex glands. 3-5 ml per ejaculation, with each ml = 100 million sperm. Seminal vesicles Pouch like glands produce 60% of fluid volume Secretion is yellowish, thick and rich in fructose to provide energy needed by sperm for motility.

    10. Ch. 19 Reproductive System Prostate gland Shaped like doughnut, located below the bladder. Urethra passes through the gland. Secretion represents 30% of seminal fluid volume, thin and milk-colored. Activate sperm and is needed for ongoing sperm motility

    11. Ch. 19 Reproductive System Bulbourethral (Cowper’s) glands Shape and size of a pea. Secrets mucus like fluid, constituting less than 5% of seminal fluid volume. External genitals Penis and scrotum called genitalia Penis has 3 columns of erectile tissue, 2 dorsal called corpora cavernisa and 1 ventral corpora spongiosum Glans penis covered by foreskin Surgical removal of foreskin called circumcision

    12. Ch. 19 Reproductive System Female reproductive system Structural plan Essential organs are gonads (ovaries) produce ova (sex cells) Accessory organs Ducts – oviducts, uterus, and vagina Sex glands including those in the breasts External genitals

    13. Ch. 19 Reproductive System Ovaries Structure & function Paired glands weighing 3 grams each Resemble large almonds Attached to ligaments in pelvic cavity alongside uterus

    14. Ch. 19 Reproductive System Microscopic structure Ovarian follicles – contain oocyte which is immature sex cell (1,000,0000 at birth) Primary follicles = 400,000 at puberty covered with granulosa cells 350-500 mature follicles ovulate during reproductive lifetime Secondary follicles have hollow chamber called antrum. Corpus luteum forms after ovulation.

    15. Ch. 19 Reproductive System Functions Oogenesis – meiotic cell division produces daughter cells with 23 chromosomes Production of estrogen and progesterone Granulosa cells surrounding oocyte produce estrogen Corpus luteum produces progesterone Estrogen causes development and maintenance of secondary sex characteristics. Progesterone stimulates secretory activity of uterine epithelium and assists in starting menses

    16. Ch. 19 Reproductive System Reproductive ducts Uterine (fallopian) tubes Extend 10 cm from uterus to abdominal cavity Extended distal end surrounded by fimbriae Mucosal lining is directly continuous with abdominal cavity.

    17. Ch. 19 Reproductive System Uterus Lies in pelvic cavity behind bladder Myometrium is the muscle layer. Endometrium is lost in menstruation. Menopause – end of repetitive menstrual cycles at 45-50 years of age.

    18. Ch. 19 Reproductive System Vagina Distendable tube about 10 cm long Located between bladder and rectum in pelvic cavity Receives penis during sexual intercourse and is birth canal for normal delivery of baby.

    19. Ch. 19 Reproductive System Accessory and supportive sex glands Bartholin’s - (greater vestibular) glands Secretes mucus like lubricating fluid Ducts open between labia minora Breasts – Located outside pectoral muscles Size determined by fat quantity Lactiferous ducts drain at the nipple Lymphatic drainage important in spread of cancer cells to other body areas

    20. Ch. 19 Reproductive System External genitals Mons pubis Clitoris Orifice of urethra Bartholin’s gland Vagina Labia minora & majora Hymen Perineum – area between vagina & anus Episiotomy surgical cut during child birth

    21. Ch. 19 Reproductive System Menstrual cycle – many monthly changes in uterus, ovaries vagina & breasts Length – about 28 days (can vary from month to month even with same individual) Phases Menses – first 4-5 days; sloughing of endometrium (uterine lining) Proliferative phase – usually between day 5-13, varies with individual. Characterized by repair of endometrium

    22. Ch. 19 Reproductive System Secretory phase – days between ovulation and next menses, usually between days 14 – 28. Characterized by thickening of endometrium in preparation of implantation of fertilized ovum. High FSH and LH caused ovulation; sudden sharp decrease in estrogen and progesterone will bring on menstruation.

    23. Ch. 19 Reproductive System

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