New Encounters: The Creation of a World Market

1. New Encounters: The Creation of a World Market

2. An Age of Exploration and Expansion Islam and the Spice Trade Muslim activity Malacca A New Player: Europe Nicol�, Maffeo, and Marco Polo, 1271 Economic motive Religious zeal Expansion a state enterprise; monarchs had the authority and resources Knowledge and technology by the end of the 15th century Seaworthy ships Knowledge of the wind systems

3. Portuguese Maritime Empire Prince Henry the Navigator (1394-1460) School for navigators, 1419 Exploring down the west coast of Africa Slaves Bartolomeu Dias, 1487 Vasco da Gama, 1498 Calicut Admiral Alfonso de Albuquerque Goa, 1510 Malacca, 1511 Success of the Portuguese Guns and seamanship http://videos.howstuffworks.com/hsw/27309-the-age-of-discovery-prince-henry-the-navigator-video.htm

4. Spanish Conquests in the �New World� Christopher Columbus (1451-1506) Voyages in 1492, 1493, 1498, and 1502 John Cabot, 1497 New England Pedro Cabral, 1500 Brazil Amerigo Vespucci Treaty of Tordesillas, 1494 Conquest of Mexico, (1519-1522), and Peru, (1531-1536)

5. Governing the Empire Encomienda Forced labor Diease Council of the Indies Viceroy New Spain and Peru Papal agreement

6. European Voyages and Possessions in the Sixteenth and Seventeenth Centuries

7. The Impact of European Expansion Native Americans ravaged by disease Psychological impact Conquerors sought gold and silver New products sent to Europe Deepened rivalries Why did Europeans risk their lives?

8. New Rivals Portugal lacked the numbers and wealth to dominate trade in the Indian Ocean Spain in Asia but only consolidated their hold on the Philippines First English expedition to the Indies in 1591 Surat in northwestern India in 1608 Dutch arrive in India in 1595 Dutch East India Company formed in 1602

9. France, Britain, and Holland in the Americas Portuguese in Brazil in 1549 Dutch West India Company, 1621 English seize New Netherlands from the Dutch in America in 1664 Canada became property of the French in 1663 but did not adequately man or defend it English begin colonizing the Atlantic seaboard of North America

10. European Possessions in the West Indies

11. Africa in Transition Portuguese in East Africa Gold trade Mwene Matapa Southern Africa Settled by the Dutch, Boers, in 1652 West Africa Mali Songhai King Askia Mohammed, 1493-1528 Broke up after his death Increased European contact with West Africa

12. The Slave Trade Existed in Africa before the coming of the Europeans Portuguese replaced European slaves with Africans Sugar cane and sugar plantations Colonization of the Americas First boatload of African slaves directly from Africa brought by the Spanish in 1518 275,000 enslaved African exported to other countries Between 16th and 19th centuries about 10 million Africans shipped to the Americas Numbers of slaves exported Death rates Most slaves prisoners or war captives European slavers at first gained slaves from local merchants for guns, textiles, copper, or iron utensils Impact on social and political conditions Depopulation in some areas but less true in West Africa European justification

13. Fort Jesus, Mombasa, Kenya

14. The Slave Trade

15. Political and Social Structures in a Changing Continent Importation of manufactured goods from Europe undermined foundations of local cottage industry Limited European penetration of Africa Altering of trading empires European impact on inland areas European impact on West Africa Unity and benefits for West African kingdoms Involvement in the slave trade and temptations of profit contributed to conflict among states Splintering of the Congo region East Africa Movements by Arab forces to expel the Portuguese

16. Southeast Asia in the Era of the Spice Trade: The Arrival of the West Dutch East India Company Batavia, 1619 Java and Sumatra have pepper plantations Cohesive monarchies in Burma, Thailand, and Vietnam resisted foreign encroachment Spices did not flourish on the mainland Europeans became involved in factional struggles By end of the 18th century Europeans began to abandon their trading stations

17. The Pattern of World Trade

18. State and Society in Pre-colonial Southeast Asia Religion and Kingship Islam and Christianity make inroads Buddhism in the lowland areas Four types of political systems: Buddhist kings, Javanese kings, Islamic sultans, Vietnamese Emperors Economy and Society Mostly agriculture during the early European period Cash crops begin to replace subsistence farming Southeast Asia an importer of manufactured goods Exports of tin, copper, gold, fruits, ceramics Higher standard of living than most of Asia Social institutions

19. Discussion Questions Trace the background of Columbus�s voyages to the New World. How did the discovery of the western hemisphere impact Europe? How did the discovery of the western hemisphere impact the Native Americans? How did the discovery of the western hemisphere change the pattern of slavery in Africa?