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Chapter 16: Marine Ecosystems

Chapter 16: Marine Ecosystems. Oceanography 2014. Chapter 16 Vocabulary. Biotic Abiotic Community Population Ecology Habitat Microhabitat Niche Ecosystem Biome large geographical area of distinctive plant and animal groups, which are adapted to that particular environment Detritus

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Chapter 16: Marine Ecosystems

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  1. Chapter 16: Marine Ecosystems Oceanography 2014

  2. Chapter 16 Vocabulary • Biotic • Abiotic • Community • Population • Ecology • Habitat • Microhabitat • Niche • Ecosystem • Biomelarge geographical area of distinctive plant and animal groups, which are adapted to that particular environment • Detritus • Antarctic Divergence • Eutrophication • Littoral Zone • Meiofauna

  3. Levels of Ecology

  4. Biomes: A Review Aquatic Biomes Freshwater Marine WORLD BIOMES Tundra Rainforest Savanna Taiga Temperate Forest Temperate Grassland Alpine Chaparral Desert Aquatic

  5. Community vs. Population <<< Community: Multiple species that interact Population: >>> Group of ONE species in a given area

  6. Habitats ecological or environmental area that is inhabited by a particular species of animal, plant, or other type of organism Examples: Clown Fish Habitat = Sea Anemones in an area of a coral reef Fiddler Crab Habitat = Sandy areas of a salt marsh

  7. Finding your Niche… • Unique way of life specific to an organism • Individual role of a species in an ecosystem • No two species can occupy the same niche in an ecosystem without one outcompeting each other EXAMPLE: Remoras are small fish that live on sharks. Their niche is their role cleaner fish for specific shark species.

  8. Food Chains & Webs Food Web: all the food chains found within an ecosystem, shows all possible paths for energy to move Food Chain: one part of a food web starting from producers ends at decomposers Trophic Levels • Producers • 1st level in the trophic system • Make their own food (autotrophs): Photosynthesis or Chemosynthesis • Examples: Plants and phytoplankton • Consumers • 2nd/3rd/4th levels of the trophic systems: primary, secondary, tertiary • Primary consumers are herbivores • Secondary consumers eat herbivores • Tertiary consumers eat the secondary consumers • Decomposers • Last level of the trophic system as dead animals are broken down • Examples: mushrooms and bacteria

  9. Ecosystem Types • Coral Reefs • Estuaries • Salt Marshes • Mangroves • Kelp Forests • Beaches / Tidal Zones • Polar • Hydrothermal Vents • Abyssal

  10. Coral Reef Ecosystem • Located in waters between the Tropic of Capricorn and the Tropic of Cancer • Require water temperatures to be warm and stable year-round (64-86 F) • Individual coral polyps build the reef's calcium carbonate structure • As a single polyp dies, its soft tissue decays, but the calcium carbonate cup remains • Other polyps build on top of the cup • Over time, this process creates larger and larger coral reefs

  11. Estuary Ecosystem • Partially enclosed body of water where fresh water mixes with salt water • areas of transition between the land and sea • Examples: bays, harbors, inlets or sounds • Chesapeake Bay is the largest estuarine system in the US

  12. Salt Marsh Ecosystem • Coastal wetlands that are flooded and drained along with tides • Soil composed of deep mud and peat. • Peat is made of decomposing plant matter that is waterlogged and very spongy • They provide food, refuge, and nursery habitat for more than 75 percent of fisheries species • Found within estuarine systems

  13. Mangrove Ecosystem • Tree systems with roots submerged in water • Thrive in hot, muddy, salty conditions that would quickly kill most plants. • How do they do it? Through a series of adaptations • a filtration system that keeps out much of the salt • a complex root system that holds the mangrove upright in loose, sandy sediments

  14. Kelp Forest Ecosystem • Giant kelp • Species of brown macro-algae • Grow along rocky coastlines • Depths from 2 m to 30 m + • Nutrient-rich, cool water • Temperature from 5o to 20o C • Clear water conditions through which light penetrates easily • Often found in regions where upwelling occurs

  15. Beach / Tidal Ecosystem • Beach has habitats such as dunes, intertidal region, and tide pools • Seawater trapped in depressions in the rocks forms tide pools • Shallow pools are extreme environment with changing water levels and temperatures • Home to many types of plants and animals

  16. Polar Ecosystem • Artic and Antarctic • Cover 20% of Earth • Covered by areas of thick ice • Coldest habitats in the world • Plankton are an essential part of the ecosystem

  17. Hydrothermal Vent Ecosystem • Deep-sea hydrothermal vents form due to volcanic activity on the ocean floor • Water leaks through cracks in the Earth's crust • dissolves metals and minerals and becomes super-heated from magma. • Water can be as hot as 400o C • Chemosynthesis: relies on hydrogen sulfide instead of sunlight • 300+ unique species live in these environment

  18. Abyssal Ecosystem • Abyssal Zone: 3,000 to 6,000 meters deep • Cold temperatures, and high pressure • Animals in this region relay on dead animals from above that sink to the bottom as their main food source • Some animals exhibit bioluminescence

  19. Notes Quiz • Put the following in order from smallest to largest: Community, Individual, Ecosystem, Biosphere, Population • Is this a community or a population? • Remoras that serve as cleaner fish on sharks are an example of what aspect of ecology? • What is the 1st level of the tropic system? • Name 3 ecosystem types.

  20. Oceanography May 13, 2014 • What do estuaries, salt marshes, and mangroves have in common? • What type of animals would you expect to find in a polar ecosystem? • What type of marine ecosystem is the local watershed?

  21. Oceanography May 21, 2014 • Give an example of an animal with a specific niche. • What role do dead things play in ecosystems? • What does a coral polyp look like? Sketch a basic diagram.

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