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The cost of incarceration

The cost of incarceration. Greg Trout, Chief Counsel Ohio Department of Rehabilitation & Correction. The United States exceeds the top 35 European countries – combined – in the # incarcerated

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The cost of incarceration

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  1. The cost of incarceration Greg Trout, Chief Counsel Ohio Department of Rehabilitation & Correction

  2. The United States exceeds the top 35 European countries – combined – in the # incarcerated 2010 Report from the Pew Charitable Trusts, citing figures from website of King’s College, London http://www.kcl.ac.uk/depsta/law/research/icps/worldbrief/

  3. World’s Top 3 Prison Populations 1. U.S. 2,292,133 2. China 1,620,000 3. Russian Federation 825,400

  4. Europe’s top 4: • 1. Russian Federation 825,400 • 2. Ukraine 152,169 • 3. Turkey 120,814 • 4. U.K. : England & Wales 83,055

  5. Ohio is the sixth largest state prison system Total Fiscal Cost in FY 09, • Including operating and capital: • $ 1,798,374,334 Employees: 13,000 C/O’s: 7,000 P.O.’s: 500

  6. Since 2001: • We have closed two prisons • We have reduced our workforce by 3,057 • Budget obligations have been underfunded • Facility repairs • Vehicle replacement

  7. Current Population as of Jan. 24, 2011 is 50,413 Disturbances of 6 or more inmates in 2007 1 every 28 days Disturbances of 6 or more inmates in 2010 1 every 7.6 days

  8. Fiscal Costs – Elements • Annual cost for construction, • renovation projects in FY10 • $ 21,792,897

  9. Approximate cost of a new prison, • Medium security, 2000 bed capacity • $ 100,000,000

  10. Utilities in FY10 • ( gas, electric, water, etc. ) • $45,016,037 • Marion Correctional uses • between 1,000 and 3,000 gallons of • heated water per minute

  11. Physical plant – Misc. operations • We own and operate water and • sewage treatment plants • SOCF         Wastewater Treatment Plant • Le CI          Water Treatment Plant • LoCI           Water Treatment Plant • PCI             Water and Wastewater Treatment Plants • RCI             Water and Wastewater Treatment Plants • SCI             Water and Wastewater Treatment Plants

  12. Physical plant – Misc. operations • EPA Regulations: power plant emissions, asbestos abatement, effluent discharge • Bureau of Underground Storage Tanks: • Fuels & solvents for shops • Fire Marshal: safety • inspections and regulations

  13. Staff Cost • 55% of budget in FY 10 • $ 936,172,244

  14. Security Staff • Cost per inmate per day in FY10 • $ 27.74/day • OR • Col’s Public Schools - $14,904 • OSU, avg tuition per year - $8,800 • Annual cost of incarceration, per capita $23,725

  15. 49.7% of our inmates are in cells • 50.3 % of our inmates are in dormitories • Our most common architectural footprint: • Medium Security / dormitories • Each dormitory: • 2 open bays joined at the center with • 130 bunk beds in each, • 260 inmates supervised by 2 C/O's

  16. Wages • Correction Officers Pay Range 28, • Base Wage is $16.35 per hour • Avg. cost of benefits for C/O’s • at base rate is $8.41 per hour • Base + Fringe = Cost to state • $24.76/ hr

  17. Relief Factor • State of Ohio 2.0 • Private Prisons 1.6 – 1.7

  18. Non-Union wages – Base rate for an officer in • Kentucky :$11.22/hr • Michigan: $15.38 • Indiana: $12.58

  19. Inmate support services • Food, supplies and food service payroll • FY 2010 $52,300,983

  20. Clothing - pants and shoes from OPI • (Invoices, CY 2010) • Shoes Purchased: 59,938 prs$885,723 • Pants Purchased: 65,994 prs$600,093

  21. Medical FY10 • $ 225,829,929 • The law does not recognize a separate standard of care for prisoners; the community standard of care governs. Their incarceration makes them dependent on the state for all medical care. Estelle v. Gamble, 429 U.S. 97 (1976).

  22. Lack of good medical care on the street • History of drug and alcohol abuse • One inmate = $9.6 M in one year • for blood factor drugs

  23. Mental Health FY10 • $ 70,857,081

  24. Medical care and mental health care are the driving issues in California’s “population” case, • Coleman v. Shwarzenegger. • A three judge panel found that California’s DOC is so overcrowded - 195% of capacity - they are unable to provide the constitutionally required minimum amount of medical and mental health care.

  25. Crowding (195%)  • Inability to provide medical & mental healthcare = • Unconstitutional. "Criminogenic." • Reduce the population by approx. 40,000, • to 137.5% of capacity.

  26. Education (ABE, GED, some college ) and vocational • $ 23,513,846 FY10 • GRF + Grants

  27. Other Services and Needs • Visiting • Disabilities • Language barriers • Needs of the Aging Offender • Recreation

  28. Quality of Life and its significance. • Atmosphere, tension, staff control – • we are outnumbered. • No one expects prison to be soft – • but inmates expect it to be • fair, humane and reasonably safe.

  29. Litigation - filed in 2010 • Inmate cases, Court of Claims – 200 • Inmate Cases, Federal & Other – 152 • Employee Cases, Ct. of Claims, Federal & Other – 75 • Not many big judgments • Schnetz - $4.4 M • for quadriplegic injury in game • of touch football

  30. Indirect Costs • Collateral Consequences for having a number, • even upon incarceration for a day

  31. Number of occupations / professions affected by conviction 400+ 2 kinds of collateral consequences Discretionary Automatic

  32. Fiscal impact on family of incarcerating a parent • Mother • Father • Generational impact • Children of incarcerated fathers • expelled or suspended • 23% • Other children expelled or suspended • 4%

  33. Incarceration negatively affects • individual economic prospects • Criminally active peer groups in prison • Parole supervision increases • likelihood of re-incarceration • Loss of opportunity • for employment, work experience

  34. Loss of job • Working-Age White Men in prison or jail: 1 in 87 • Working-Age Hispanic Men in prison or jail: 1 in 36 • Working-Age Black Men in prison or jail: 1 in 12

  35. Racial Demographics Race statewide 12.1% Race in prison 47.4%

  36. Black Males age 20 to 34 w/o a high school diploma – Behind bars: 37 % Employed: 24%

  37. What is the function of incarceration in Ohio? Incapacitation Punishment / Retribution / Just Desserts General Social Deterrence Recidivism Reduction / Rehabilitation

  38. Inmates who will return to the community 95% Number of inmates released, CY 2009 26,211 Number of inmates received, CY 2009 25, 031

  39. Recidivism in Ohio after 3 years 2006 36.4% Low – Holmes 17.1 % High – Marion 52.5%

  40. Tools / Instruments to analyze & predict risk of reoffending Ohio Risk Assessment System

  41. http://www.drc.ohio.gov/

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