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Planetary GIS/ArcGIS 101 Tutorial

Planetary GIS/ArcGIS 101 Tutorial. Presented by Trent Hare. Introduction. ArcGIS for planetary research. Understand how GIS can benefit your research. Planetary data Projections Use cases and analysis Instructor: Trent Hare, thare@usgs.gov

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Planetary GIS/ArcGIS 101 Tutorial

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  1. Planetary GIS/ArcGIS 101 Tutorial Presented by Trent Hare

  2. Introduction • ArcGIS for planetary research. • Understand how GIS can benefit your research. • Planetary data • Projections • Use cases and analysis • Instructor: Trent Hare, thare@usgs.gov • 16 years with the USGS and 11 years working with GIS and planetary formats. JPL Training Center

  3. Training Outline • Lesson 1: Planetary data • Using PDS high-level data, processing low-level. • Lesson 2: Projections • Working with planetary projections. • Lesson 3: Use cases and analysis • Examples of when and where to use. JPL Training Center

  4. Lesson 1: Planetary data • What’s on the DVD. • How to use high-level (map projected) PDS data. • pds2world.pl script • Using low-level PDS images. • Processing in ISIS • Format conversion JPL Training Center

  5. Lesson 1: What’s on the DVD • ArcMap_addins\ • Plug-ins • Tool boxes • Scripts • Conversion programs • Mars definitions • Wbin • DATA! JPL Training Center

  6. Lesson 1: What’s on the DVD • Plug-ins (are usually *.dll – Windows dynamic linked libraries) • USGS tools • Hawth’s tools • Ez profiler • Ez geowizards • EZ calculate • DS Mapbook • Find more at Arcscripts (search Arc/Info Desktop) • http://arcscripts.esri.com • How to install: http://acadnt.admcs.wwu.edu/gis/tutorials/ArcScripts.htm#2_VBdll • Good site with many other tutorials: http://acadnt.admcs.wwu.edu/gis/tutorials/. Image registration, vector registration, GPS loading, model schematic examples, etc JPL Training Center

  7. Lesson 1: What’s on the DVD • Tool boxes - models (very cool) • Image tools • 8, 16, 32 bit NODATA “wizards” • Mars tools • Image mosaic example • Projection example (using mosaic model) • Lunar tools • Examples of band ratios (not complete) Once “P”arameterized, the model becomes a wizard. JPL Training Center

  8. Lesson 1: What’s on the DVD • Scripting • EZ calculate scripts ( load scripts \ArcMap9_addins\ec50\ ) • Calculate features fields (area, angle) • Create/Modify features • VB, Java script, Python • Simple label script How to install VB macros, Python: http://acadnt.admcs.wwu.edu/gis/tutorials/ArcScripts.htm THEMIS IR label example JPL Training Center

  9. Lesson 1: What’s on the DVD • Conversion programs • PERL scripts to add GIS headers (map projected) • PDS • ISIS v2 • ISIS v3 (make sure to export BSQ file type) • VICAR (not well tested) • FWTools (Windows, Linux, UNIX, Mac?) • Gdalinfo – image information • Gdal_translate – convert to/from raster GIS formats • Openev – simple GIS viewer/editor • Ogr2ogr – convert to/from vector GIS formats • Some support for streaming (opendap, mapserver) • Wbin – be happy with UNIX commands in your command prompt • view readme.txt for installation (includes PERL and gdal programs) JPL Training Center

  10. Lesson 1: What’s on the DVD • Mars DATA • Equidistant cylindrical (clat=0,clon=180,ocentric,sphere) • MOLA DEM (463m/p, 88N-88S, 16bit) • hillshade (jpeg2000) • Count (number of mola “hits” per pixel) • Roughness (pulse width) – not sure how to interprete • MDIM 2.1 (jpeg2000) • MSSS Atlas (jpeg2000) • TES thermal inertia, mineral maps • Other (magnetic, gamma ray spectrometer, gravity, etc) JPL Training Center

  11. Lesson 1: What’s on the DVD • Mars DATA • Geographic/Geocentric (decimal degrees or lat/lon coords) • Image footprints (approx located, ocentric) • MOC • THEMIS • Viking • HRSC image footprints (approx) • USGS/RAND control points (used for MDIM21) • Geologic maps (located on older bases, ographic) • Crater catalogs (loacetd on older bases, ographic) • Nomenclature (MDIM2.0 located, ographic) • Other (lat/lon grids, MC1:5M quads, etc) JPL Training Center

  12. Lesson 1: What’s on the DVD • Mars DATA (miscellaneous) • MOC NA DEMs (all in local projections) • MER example sites • Extra data included in the ArcUser tutorial directory • Phoenix example sites • West Candor Mars Express HRSC stereo example (no data) • VICAR DEMs vs full-up photogrammetic solution JPL Training Center

  13. Lesson 1: How to use high-level PDS • Using high-level PDS products (map projected) • Try pds2world.pl PERL script • Perl pds2world.pl –e my_image.img • This creates an ERDAS *.raw header and *.rww worldfile. Read into ArcMap and use 16, 32 “image toolbox” to recognized NODATA. • Note that the PDS uses the *.img. So do regular ERDAS files. PDS *.img will not open in ArcMap. • Pds2world.pl then convert using GDAL (watch for mulit ext e.g, *.lev.img) • Perl pds2world.pl –p my_image.img (PCI Geomatic raw header) • Gdal_translate (type by itself to list options) • Gdal_translate –t my_image.aux my_output.tif (defaults to geotiff) • Gdal_translate –co “compress=packbits” my_image.aux my_output.tif • Gddal_translate –of JP2KAK –co “quality=10” my_image.aux out.jp2 • Gdal_translate –of PNG –worldfile my_image.aux my_output.png JPL Training Center

  14. Lesson 1: How to use high-level PDS • Download the 16ppd MOLA DEM and label from: • megt90n000cb.img • megt90n000cb.lbl Open a Command Prompt window (start bar - accessories) • Use “cd” to change directory (use only “cd d:” to change drive) • Let’s cheat, install this: CmdHere.exe, install, now right click on your folder and hit “Command ... Here” • Type: • Pds2world -e file.lbl (notice we are running on the label) OR • Pds2world -e file.lbl (notice we are running on the label) • Gdal_translate –of GTiff file.aux file.tif Or Gdal_translate –of ENVI file.aux file http://pds-geosciences.wustl.edu/missions/mgs/megdr.html JPL Training Center

  15. Lesson 1: How to use high-level PDS • Served data (WMS and ArcIMS in semi-harmony) Add a new dataframe, Now add a “GIS Servers”, Add WMS, type in http://tomars.jpl.nasa.gov/wms.cgi? hit OK, now click on the new link “JPL Planetary Map Service on …” “JPL Planetary Map Service”, Add WMS Turn off all layers, zoom around to get it to draw JPL Training Center

  16. Lesson 1: How to use high-level PDS • Served data (WMS and ArcIMS in semi-harmony) Now add a “GIS Servers”, Add ArcIMS, type in http://webgis.wr.usgs.gov , hit OK, now click on the new link “webgis.wr.usgs.gov”, add “Mars_general_image”, Add ArcIMS JPL Training Center

  17. Lesson 1: How to use low-level PDS • Low-level PDS image is basically “raw” – no map projection – you should not bring it into a GIS • Okay how do you map project raw PDS image • ISIS - Integrated Software for Imagers and Spectrometers • Suse Linux, Solaris UNIX, Mac OSX http://isis.astrogeology.usgs.gov/ • VICAR - Video Image Communication And Retrieval http://www-mipl.jpl.nasa.gov/ also maintained at DLR Other software (Malin Space Science Systems?) JPL Training Center

  18. Lesson 1: How to use low-level PDS http://isis.astrogeology.usgs.gov/IsisSupport/viewtopic.php?t=423 Why: In short, these programs radiometrically correct the image (level 1) and then geometrically project it through the MOLA DEM to the surface via the spacecraft pointing parameters (SPICE). Again, this is the only way to accurately position the images to the surface for ArcMap or other GIS/RS software. So without “ortho-rectification” you should not use as a GIS base. Once a level2 ISIS image is generated, you can use the included ISIS tools or standalone PERL scripts to make them ArcMap compatible as described here: http://isis.astrogeology.usgs.gov/IsisSupport/viewtopic.php?t=357or http://isis.astrogeology.usgs.gov/IsisSupport/viewtopic.php?t=358The ERDAS raw format works well in ArcMap for multi-band 32bit images like THEMIS. However, when possible it is still a good idea to convert to 8 bit. JPL Training Center

  19. Lesson 1: How to use low-level PDS http://isis.astrogeology.usgs.gov/IsisSupport/viewtopic.php?t=357 Does ISIS have any routines to convert to an GIS compatible format? There exist ISIS PERL scripts that one can run on the ISIS files to extract this information into header and world files. These ISIS scripts are:dform.pl Convert an ISIS image from 32 or 16 bit to an 8 bit GIS raw, tiff, gif, jpeg with detached GIS files. dform will automatically try to choose a stretch pair for conversion to 8 bit. The user can also specify the stretch pair. isis2gisworld.pl Creates GIS headers and GIS world files for ISIS images so that they can be read into most GIS packages. If you are using ArcMap or ERDAS and wish to maintain a 32 bit file use the ERDAS raw switch " -e ". Imagery should be converted to an 8 bit raw, tiff, gif, or jpeg image when possible. This can be done using 'dform.pl'. For 16 or 32 bit files, ISIS can only export a raw file. If you wish to not keep an image at 16 bits, use dform.pl or isis2gisworld.pl to create the necessary detached GIS files for the ISIS image. This allows you to use the ISIS image, labels intact, without conversion. If you wish use 32 bit data, you will need use the "-e" switch in isis2gisworld.pl or run the program "isis2arc" (see bottom for more). The "-e" switch in isis2gisworld.pl writes out ERDAS raw format that can be used in ERDAS and ArcMap. ArcView 3.x and ENVI do not undersatnd the ERDAS raw format. Examples: converting to an 8bit ISIS cub with GIS headers: dform.pl -c -bit=8 -gis=yes myinput.lev2.cub You will end up with three files - a renamed ISIS image, a header file. This is called an ESRI raw format. converting to an 8bit Tiff with GIS headers: dform.pl -t -bit=8 -gis=yes myinput.lev2.cub You will end up with two files - the Tiff image, and a tiff world file. Cont. JPL Training Center

  20. Lesson 1: How to use low-level PDS Does ISIS have any routines to convert to an GIS compatible format? converting to an 8bit Jpeg with GIS headers: dform.pl -j=75 -bit=8 -gis=yes myinput.lev2.cub "-j=75" is the Jpeg compression quality. 100 is the best. Here, you will end up with two files - the Jpeg image, and a jpeg world file. creating GIS headers for a 16bit ISIS cub: isis2gisworld.pl -c myinput.lev2.cub You will need to change the file extension on the ISIS cub. If it is a single band image, then the extension shoud be changed to ".bil". If it is a multi-band image, then ".bsq". You will end up with three files - a renamed ISIS image, a header file, and a world file. This is called an ESRI raw format. creating GIS headers for a 32bit ISIS cub:isis2gisworld.pl -e myinput.lev2.cub You will end up with three files - the ISIS image, a header file "*.raw", and a world file "*.rww". The cub's extension should ne be changed. This is called an ERDAS raw format. Converting a 32bit ISIS cub to an ESRI ASCII format:isis2arc myinput.lev2.cub myoutput.asc This command does not come with ISIS, but is freely available. See the isis2arc section in the next post. JPL Training Center

  21. Lesson 1: How to use low-level PDS Batch conversion Tips: Unix/Linux code: foreach> perl dform.pl -t -gis=yes $i foreach> end code: -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- foreach i (*.cub) foreach> perl isis2gisworld.pl -e $i foreach> end Unix/Linux code: -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- foreach i (*.cub) foreach> perl isis2world.pl -e $i foreach> end In MsDOS command window loop (for Windows machines) code: -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- for %i in (*.cub) do isis2world.bat -e %i JPL Training Center

  22. Lesson 1: How to use low-level PDS To find tutorials for ISIS 2.1, go to: http://isis.astrogeology.usgs.gov/Isis2/isis-bin//documentation.cgi I would recommend that you first read the "Overview of ISIS Architecture." Then, the "Production of Digital Image Models with ISIS" contains a general description of the overall processing functions. The document "Mars Odyssey THEMIS Geometry Processing with ISIS" describes specifics of THEMIS processing. For additional information on how to create mosaics, start up TAE, tutor the "mosaic" program and type "help *" (without the quotes). This will give you an overall description of the "mosaic" program. Let us know if you have any problems with this. By Jim T. JPL Training Center

  23. Lesson 1: Wrap-up • Covered • DVD tools, scripts • Mars datasets • Using high-level PDS products • Using ISIS for low-level processing • Where to find ISIS help • Format conversions • questions. JPL Training Center

  24. Lesson 2: Planetary Projections • Planetary Projections. • Standard projections in planetary • Geographic vs. Geocentric • Issues • Positive East vs. Positive West • Setting planetary bodies in ArcMap • Defining a projection using the planetary body • Projecting vector datasets • Projecting raster datasets JPL Training Center

  25. Lesson 2: Planetary Projections Tutorials: http://webgis.wr.usgs.gov/map_projs.htm • Standard projections in planetary • Simple Cylindrical (Equidistance Cylindrical, Equirectangular) • rectangular global (decimal degrees or meters), simple “database” projection, ISIS uses a spherical equation. • Sinusoidal • Used for global and many tiled data releases, equal area projection, simple “database” projection, ISIS uses a spherical equation. • Mercator • Conformal, only use for equatorial areas, used in the Mars 1:5M series, ISIS uses an ellipsoidal equation • Transverse Mercator • Good for local areas “large” scale maps. A Small scale map shows more land area, but with smaller representations and, therefore, lesser detail. ISIS uses an Ellipse. JPL Training Center

  26. Lesson 2: Planetary Projections Tutorials: http://webgis.wr.usgs.gov/map_projs.htm • Standard projections in planetary • Polar Stereographic • Good for polar, error increases away from central latitude (usually 90 or -90). Scale should be based on polar radius, ISIS uses an ellipsoidal equation (can use polar radius spheriod). • Lambert Conformal • Good for mid latitudes. Error increases away from both standard parallels. ISIS uses an ellipsoidal equation. • Orthographic • Globe view, not good for mapping as the limb falls away, makes for pretty figures but you need 3 globes to portray an entire planet. ISIS uses a spherical equation JPL Training Center

  27. Lesson 2: Planetary Projections Tutorials: http://webgis.wr.usgs.gov/map_projs.htm • Other projections in planetary • Lambert Azmuithal • Good for mid latitude and polar, equal area, VICAR/HRSC team uses it for polar areas. • Robinson • Good for figures. • Mollweide • National geographic Mars map. Good for figures. • References: Snyder, John P., 1987, Map Projections---A Working Manual, USGS Professional Paper 1395. Greeley, Ron and R. Batson, 1990, Planetary Mapping, Cambridge Univ. Press. Batson, R.M., 1987, Digital Cartography of the Planets: New Methods, Its Status, and Its Future, Photogrammetric Engineering and Remote Sensing, v. 53, pp. 1211-1218. JPL Training Center

  28. Lesson 2: Planetary Projections • Planetographic vs Planetocentric - issues • Mars is the only problem for now • Most commercial packages don’t understand ocentric • Work around … use sphere definition for Mars. • Copy Projection_options\Coordinate Systems\Geographic Coordinate Systems\Solar System\Mars 2000 Sphere.prj And paste to ArcMap’s directory (e.g.) Your_drive:\install_locations\ArcGIS\Coordinate Systems\Geographic Coordinate Systems\Solar System\ • Don’t use ISIS or other files that are elliptical and ocentric. eUsing elliptical and ographic is okay. Also do not calculate measurements on one of these Elliptical ocentric projections. The one caveot is the Polar Stereographic. By forcing the polar radius you can ensure ArcMap is doing the same as ISIS. JPL Training Center

  29. Lesson 2: Planetary Projections http://isis.astrogeology.usgs.gov/IsisSupport/viewtopic.php?t=389 • Planetographic vs Planetocentric - issues • Mars is the only problem for now • Most commercial packages don’t understand ocentric • Work around … use sphere definition for Mars. • Copy Projection_options\Coordinate Systems\Geographic Coordinate Systems\Solar System\Mars 2000 Sphere.prj And paste to ArcMap’s directory (e.g.) Your_drive:\install_locations\ArcGIS\Coordinate Systems\Geographic Coordinate Systems\Solar System\ • Don’t use ISIS or other files that are elliptical and ocentric. eUsing elliptical and ographic is okay. Also do not calculate measurements on one of these Elliptical ocentric projections. The one caveot is the Polar Stereographic. By forcing the polar radius you can ensure ArcMap is doing the same as ISIS. • Copy Projection_options\Coordinate Systems\Geographic Coordinate Systems\Solar System\Mars 2000 Sphere Polar.prj And paste to ArcMap’s directory (e.g.) Your_drive:\install_locations\ArcGIS\Coordinate Systems\Geographic Coordinate Systems\Solar System\ JPL Training Center

  30. Lesson 2: Planetary Projections • Positive East vs. Positive West • Not much to say because commercial GIS/RS systems use positive East. I have always has to save my files, no matter what body using positive East. You either fake out the system (by using your own code) or you switch software. It is just a shift so no error is incurred. ISIS can handle this for the most part. Must redefine labels if you want to switch. Luckily, if you are working meters there is no East/West system. JPL Training Center

  31. Lesson 2: Planetary Projections http://isis.astrogeology.usgs.gov/IsisSupport/viewtopic.php?t=389 • Use toolbox or arcCatalog to set datasets projection • Toolbox: • ArcCatlog (data properties) • More simply, load batch set projection script from the DVD \ArcMap9_addins\batch_set_projection_vb\mdlAssignProjection_vika.bas JPL Training Center

  32. Lesson 2: Planetary Projections http://isis.astrogeology.usgs.gov/IsisSupport/viewtopic.php?t=389 • Setting planetary bodies in ArcMap • Example for decimal degree (lat/lon) ArcMap dataframe or for most vector datasets on the data DVD. First copy “Mars 2000 Sphere” from the DVD (“Projection_options\Coordinate Systems\Geographic Coordinate Systems\Solar System\*.prj”) TO: YOUR_INSTALL\ArcMap9\ArcGIS\Coordinate Systems\Geographic Coordinate Systems\Solar System\ YOUR_INSTALL is usually C:\Program Files\ If you can’t copy then you can browse to any folder to select the “Mars 2000 Sphere” definition. Select this body definition from the Geographic, Solar System folder shown on the right. JPL Training Center

  33. Lesson 2: Planetary Projections http://isis.astrogeology.usgs.gov/IsisSupport/viewtopic.php?t=389 • Setting planetary bodies in ArcMap • Example for the ArcMap dataframe or for MOLA and most raster datasets on the data DVD. To define a new projection “not body i.e. Mars” click on New, “Projected” JPL Training Center

  34. Lesson 2: Planetary Projections http://isis.astrogeology.usgs.gov/IsisSupport/viewtopic.php?t=488 • Setting planetary bodies in ArcMap • Mars Polar projection • Note the “D_Mars_2000_Sphere_Polar” definition. JPL Training Center

  35. Lesson 2: Planetary Projections • Projecting datasets using toolbox Projecting vector Projecting raster datasets JPL Training Center

  36. Lesson 3: Use cases and analysis • Mars Rovers • Geologic Mapping • Mars and Titan Mission support • Visualization 3D • Simple Animations • Globes JPL Training Center

  37. Lesson 3: Use cases and analysis • Mars Rovers • Complete the Mars Rovers Arcuser Tutorial to help solidify projections • Change the tutorial to use the Mars 2000 Sphere.prj • \MarsRovers_arcuser_tutorial\tutorial\Mapping the Location of the Mars Rovers.pdf • Notice it uses two ArcMap dataframes with one layout, ready for a page printout or conversion to poster size. JPL Training Center

  38. Lesson 3: Use cases and analysis • Mars Rovers • Landing site analysis, weighted model to help locate safe areas OR Suitability Map JPL Training Center

  39. Lesson 3: Use cases and analysis • Mars Rovers – Horizon calculations (“inverse viewshed) JPL Training Center

  40. Lesson 3: Use cases and analysis • Mars Rovers play movie on DVD JPL Training Center

  41. Lesson 3: Use cases and analysis Geologic Mapping JPL Training Center

  42. Lesson 3: Use cases and analysis • Interactive Geowall / anaglyphs JPL Training Center

  43. Lesson 3: Use cases and analysis • Animations play movie on DVD JPL Training Center

  44. Summary of Training • Mars datasets • Adding tools and scripts to ArcMap • Using high-level PDS images • Using low-level PDS images • Setting projections on datasets and on a ArcMap dataframe • GIS use cases JPL Training Center

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