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Nebraska methodist college microbiology students

(Adding Picture of the group here). Nebraska methodist college microbiology students. Gonorrhea . What do you know?. What Are Microorganisms ?. A. History Spontaneous Generation- Greeks Oldest form of life on Earth – 3.5 billion years! B. Many diverse organisms Prokaryotes Bacteria

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Nebraska methodist college microbiology students

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  1. (Adding Picture of the group here) Nebraska methodist college microbiology students

  2. Gonorrhea • What do you know?

  3. What Are Microorganisms? • A. History • Spontaneous Generation- Greeks • Oldest form of life on Earth – 3.5 billion years! • B. Many diverse organisms • Prokaryotes • Bacteria • Archaea • Eukaryotes • Algae • Protozoa • Fungi: molds • Helminths • Infectious Agents • Viruses • Viroids • Prions

  4. How Are Microorganisms BENEFICIAL to Human Beings? • Humans could not exist on earth • Help protect against diseases • The entire surface of our body contains bacteria • The study of microorganisms advances medical and scientific research • Easy to study, yield quick results. • “What is true of an elephant is also true of bacteria” – Dr. Jacques Monod

  5. How Are Microorganisms HARMFUL to Human Beings? • Responsible for more human deaths than any war • 1918-1919 - Influenza • More Americans killed than in WWI, WWII, the Korean War and the Vietnam War combined! • 1346-1350 - Plague • 25 million European deaths • Smallpox • 10 million deaths over past 4,000 years

  6. What is Gonorrhea? • The word Gonorrhea comes from two Latin words. • gonos- meaning seed • rhoe- meaning flow • A sexually transmitted bacterial infection • Attacks mucous membranes of the body • mouth, ears, nostrils, eyes, genitalia, and anus • Resides in warm moist body cavities • both men and women • Causes most female infertility • Also called “the clap” or “the drip”

  7. History of Gonorrhea • Discovery • Described in early writings • Warnings against "unclean discharge from the body" appear in the Bible • Discovered in 1879 by Albert Neisser • German immunologist Paul Ehrlich • Since then, 5 types of the gonococcus identified • Background • The history - long and dates back many years • Earliest cases of sexually transmitted diseases related to gonorrhea • France - 1250’s • Common among WWI recruits • More than 1 million cases per year reported during late 1970's, • Now – around 342,250 per year • Today's Concerns • Its prevalence and resistance to antibacterial treatment • 20th century - First successful treatment of Gonorrhea • Other Forms of Treatment Used in Past • Mercury • Silver nitrate

  8. Pathophysiology • Plasmids carry penicillinase • Genes transmitted between different subtypes • Subtypes • By transmitting genes • surface protein genes • high host susceptibility to reaction • Makes the genes resistant to beta-lactam antibiotics for 20 years • Signs appear in: • lower genital tract • Pharynx • Rectum • male and female urethra

  9. Symptoms of Gonorrhea • Symptoms in men • Unusual discharge from penis • Discoloration • Pus-like • Itching • Urination • Painful • Frequent • May contain blood • Pain and swelling • Testicles • Glands of the groin • Symptoms in women • Painful urination • Fever • Unusual vaginal discharge • Bleeding between periods • Vomiting • Belly pain

  10. Symptoms of Gonorrhea – contd. • Silent Symptoms • You may have it and not know it. • Symptoms may be so mild you don’t notice • Mild/ non-specific symptoms • Could be mistaken for: • Bladder infection • Vaginal infection • Urinary Tract Infection (UTI) • Rectal Infection • Discharge • Anal itching • Soreness • Bleeding

  11. How to Test for Gonorrhea • Sample of body fluid or urine • Types of tests used to detect • Nucleic acid amplification tests (NAAT) • Nucleic acid hybridization test (DNA probe test, molecular probe test) • Gonorrhea culture • Gram stain • Enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA, EIA)

  12. Treatment of Gonorrhea • Historically • Injection of mercury • First successful – 20th century • Antimicrobial-resistant strains - large obstacle • New strain • Immune to antibiotic - fluoroquinolone • Only guaranteed treatment • shot of the cephalosporin antibiotic. • Antibiotic treatment dependent on: • strain • severity • geographical location • Important to finish entire course of the medication • Regular doses • Undertreated • If treated early • should not cause long-term problems

  13. Prevention of Gonorrhea

  14. Prevention of Gonorrhea • Abstinence • Safe sex • Talk to your partner about STD’s • Get tested • Don’t have more than one sexual relationship at a time • Contraception • Latex or Polyurethane condoms • must be in place before sexual activity • Male and females condoms available

  15. References • Behrman, A. J., & Shoff, W. H. (2009). Gonorrhea. Retrieved March 2, 2010, from emedicine from WebMD, http://emedicine.medscape.com/a rticle/782913-overview • Gonorrhea Test. (2009, April 27). Retrieved March 3, 2010, from WebMD: http://www.webmd.com/sexual-conditions/gonorrhea-test • Nester, E. (2009). Microbiology: a human perspective (6th edition). New York: Mc Graw Hill Company. • Packiam, M. (2009). Mouse Strain-Dependent Differences in Susceptibility to Neisseriagonorrhoeae Infection and Induction of Innate Immune Responses. Infection and Immunity , 433-40. • What is gonorrhea? What causes gonorrhea? (2009). Retrieved on March 2, 2010, from Medical News Today, http://www.medicalnewstod ay.com/articles/155653.php

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