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1. Biochemistry What does CHEMISTRY have to do with each of these BIOLOGICAL PROCESSES? www.vaguebuttrue.com upload.wikimedia.org news.nationalgeographic.com stuffeducatedlatinoslike.files.wordpress.com www.insomniacslounge.com find-happiness.com

2. Biochemistry Elements of Life • 96% of living organisms are made of: • carbon (C) • oxygen (O) • hydrogen (H) • nitrogen (N)

3. Molecules of Life • Put C, H, O, Ntogether in different ways to build living organisms • What are bodies made of? • carbohydrates • sugars & starches • fats (lipids) • proteins • nucleic acids • DNA, RNA

4. Why do we eat? • We eat to take in more of these chemicals • Food for building materials • to make more of us (cells) • for growth • for repair • Food to make energy • calories • to make ATP ATP

5. Don’t forget water • Water • 65% of your body is H2O • water is inorganic • doesn’t contain carbon • Rest of you is made of carbonmolecules • organicmolecules • carbohydrates • proteins • fats • nucleic acids

6. Building large molecules of life • Chain together smaller molecules • building block molecules = monomers (“mono”=one) • Big molecules built from little molecules • Polymers (“poly”=many

7. amino acid amino acid amino acid amino acid amino acid amino acid – – – – – Building important polymers Carbohydrates= built from sugars sugar – sugar – sugar – sugar – sugar – sugar Proteins= built from amino acids Nucleic acids (DNA) = built from nucleotides nucleotide – nucleotide – nucleotide – nucleotide

8. amino acid amino acid amino acid amino acid amino acid amino acid – – – – – Building important polymers Carbohydrates= built from sugars sugar – sugar – sugar – sugar – sugar – sugar Proteins= built from amino acids Nucleic acids (DNA) = built from nucleotides nucleotide – nucleotide – nucleotide – nucleotide

9. How to build large molecules • Synthesis • building bigger molecules from smaller molecules • building cells & bodies • repair • growth • reproduction ATP +

10. How to break large molecules • Digestion • taking big molecules apart • getting raw materials • for synthesis & growth • making energy (ATP) • for synthesis, growth & everyday functions ATP +

11. Example of digestion STARCH/GLYCOGEN ARE DIGESTED TO GLUCOSE ATP ATP ATP ATP ATP ATP Starch(glucose storage in plants) glucose Glycogen(glucose storage in animals) ATP

12. Example of synthesis amino acids = building block protein = polymer protein amino acids • Proteins are synthesized by bonding amino acids

13. Four classes of Organic Molecules aka Macromolecules • Carbohydrates 2.Lipids • Proteins 4.Nucleic Acids

14. Macromolecule: Carbohydrate • Carbohydrate (Starch/Sugar) -Elements: C, H, O (1:2:1 ratio) -Shape: Hexagon Glucose Another name for Glucose is SUGAR FYI: Saccharide means SUGAR -Function: Quick source of ENERGY; structure (cell wall in plants made of cellulose) -Monomer“subunit”: Monosaccharide -Names end in –ose Examples: Fructose, Sucrose, Cellulose

15. Macromolecule: Carbohydrate -Examples of Carbohydrate: • 1. Monosaccharide“One Sugar”: a) glucose made by plants • 2. Disaccharide“Two Sugars”: a) table sugar (Sucrose) • 3. Polysaccharide“Many Sugars”: a) starch- stores energy in plants (potatoes) b) cellulose- makes up plant cell walls c) chitin- exoskeleton of arthropods d) glycogen- stored in animal liver

16. Monosaccharide - Glucose

17. Disaccharide – Table Sugar

18. Polysaccharides Glycogen in animal liver Starch in Potato Cellulose in plant cell walls Chitin in exoskeleton

19. Cellulose • Cell walls in plants • herbivores can digest cellulose well • most carnivores cannot digest cellulose • that’s why they eat meatto get their energy & nutrients • cellulose = roughage • stays undigested • keeps material moving in your intestines

20. Helpful bacteria • How can cows digest cellulose so well? • BACTERIA live in their stomachs & help digest cellulose-rich (grass) meals

21. Macromolecule: Lipid 2.Lipid(Fat) -Elements: C, H, O -Shape: Letter E -Function: a) long term ENERGY storage b) insulation (think about whale blubber) c) makes up cell membranes d) cushions organs -Monomer“subunit”: Fatty Acids -Examples: Oils (potatoes chips), Fats, Waxes, Steroids & Phospholipids Glycerol (backbone) 3 Fatty acids

22. Molecular Structure of FatNot a chain/polymer= just a “big fat molecule” Fatty acid Glycerol

23. 1) Saturated: -SOLID at room temperature -No Double Bonds -“Bad Fats” - Limit the amount in diet Examples: Cheese and butter 2) Unsaturated: -LIQUID at room temperature -Has Double Bonds -”Good Fats” - Better choice for diet Examples: plant, vegetable, and fish fats Two Types ofLipids:

24. Lipids: Saturated Fats

25. Lipids:Unsaturated Fats

26. Other lipids in biology • Cholesterol • good molecule in cell membranes • make hormones from it • including sex hormones • but too much cholesterol in blood may lead to heart disease www.offthemarkcartoons.com

27. Other lipids in biology • Cell membranes are made out of lipids • phospholipids • heads are on the outside touching water • “like” water • tails are on inside away from water • “scared” of water • forms a barrier between the cell & the outside

28. Multipurpose molecules Proteins: greatmusclebuildingworkouts.info

29. Examples of Proteins: • muscle • skin, hair, fingernails, claws • collagen, keratin • pepsin • digestive enzyme in stomach • Insulin • Hormone that controls blood sugar levels • Hemoglobin • Oxygen-carrying part of blood cells gomuscles.net www.bottlebooks.com listsoplenty.com

30. Macromolecule: Protein 3. Protein(Polypeptides) -Elements: C, H, O, N -Shape: -Function: a) Speed up chemical reactions (Enzymes) b) Transport molecules in the cell membrane c) Movement, regulation, and structure -Monomer“subunit”: Amino Acids (Amino Acids are held together by a peptide bond) Amino Acid Group Peptide Bond Amino Acids

31. Macromolecule: Protein -Names end in “-in” or “-ase” Examples: Keratin, Actin, Hemoglobin, Insulin, Protease orLipase -Examples of Proteins 1) Hemoglobin: transports oxygen in red blood cells 2) Insulin: regulates blood sugar levels 3) Keratin: waterproofs skin and nails 4) Actin: contraction in muscle cells 5) Transport Proteins: helps move molecules across cell membranes 6) Protease: helps break down proteins 7) Lipase: breaks down lipids

32. H | —C— | H amino acid amino acid amino acid amino acid amino acid – – – – C—OH —N— O H || Proteins amino acids • Building block = 20 different amino acids There are20 of us… like 20 differentletters in analphabet…Can make lots of differentwords variable group

33. collagen 3-D protein structure • Proteins fold & twist into 3-D shapes • that’s what happens in the cell! • Different shapes = different jobs growthhormone hemoglobin pepsin

34. With Proteins…Its shape that matters! • Proteins do their jobs, because of their shape • Unfolding a protein destroys its shape • wrong shape = can’t do its job • unfolding proteins = “denature” • temperature • pH (acidity) unfolded“denatured” folded

35. Macromolecules and Indicators • Carbohydrates – • Sugar - Benedicts Solution • Solution will turn from blue to red-brown. • Starch – Iodine (IKI) • Solution will turn from yellow to black. • Lipids – Brown Paper Test • Paper will have a “greasy” spot. • Proteins – Biuret Test • Solution will turn violet. Lab: Indicators

36. Macromolecule: Nucleic Acid 4. Nucleic Acid -Elements: C,H,O,P,N -Shape: -Function: stores/transfers genetic information directions for making proteins (protein synthesis------DNA>RNA>Protein) -Monomer“subunit”: Nucleotides -Examples: 1) DNA (Deoxyribonucleic Acid) 2) RNA (Ribonucleic Acid) Phosphate Nitrogen Base Sugar Rectangle Circle Pentagon

37. Macromolecule: Nucleic Acid DNA:A,T,G,C RNA: A, U, G, C DNA: Deoxyribose Sugar RNA: Ribose Sugar

38. 5 O 3 3 O P P 5 5 C O G 1 3 2 4 4 2 1 3 5 O P P T A 3 5 O O 5 P P 3 Nucleotide: DNA “Double Helix”

39. C A G T A C T G Weak Hydrogen bonds Why do we need weak bonds between the base pairs? strong bonds 30.media.tumblr.com Structure of DNA 1:14 http://www.dnatube.com/group/dna_structure/?viewkey=a1a4f25f62e0eb5261ca&search_id=structure