Chemistry of Life: Biochemical Processes and the Role of Chemistry in Biology

1. Biochemistry What does CHEMISTRY have to do with each of these BIOLOGICAL PROCESSES? www.vaguebuttrue.com upload.wikimedia.org news.nationalgeographic.com stuffeducatedlatinoslike.files.wordpress.com www.insomniacslounge.com find-happiness.com

2. Chemistry of Life • Biochemistry = the study of the chemistry of life (involving matter) • Matter = anything that takes up space and has mass • atoms are the basic unit of matter

3. Compounds Important to Life: • Inorganic Compounds -- come from nonliving things • ex. Water • Organic Compounds --come from things that are or were once living and contain carbon • ex. carbon dioxide Both kinds are essential for living things Water is an inorganic molecule that has unique properties • one of the most important compounds to living things

4. Don’t forget water • Water • 65% of your body is H2O • water is inorganic • doesn’t contain carbon • Rest of you is made of carbonmolecules • organicmolecules • carbohydrates • proteins • fats • nucleic acids

5. Acids, Bases, and pH • Acids make hydrogen ions (H+) in water; are bitter to the taste • Examples: lemon juice, vinegar, stomach acid • Bases  make hydroxide ions (OH-) in water; are slippery to the touch • Examples: soaps, Clorox, Pepto Bismol • pH Scale  scale that measures how acidic or basic a substance is • Range (0- 14): <7 = acid; >7 = base; =7 is neutral • Bufferused to maintain a certain pH.

7. Organic Compounds: • Monomer – the smallest unit of a substance (also called building block or subunit) • Example: one Lego block • Polymer – many monomers linked together to make a large structure; sometimes called macromolecules or biological molecules • Example: Lego blocks put together to make a Lego house

8. How to build large molecules • Synthesis • building bigger molecules from smaller molecules • building cells & bodies • repair • growth • reproduction ATP +

9. How to break large molecules • Digestion • taking big molecules apart • getting raw materials • for synthesis & growth • making energy (ATP) • for synthesis, growth & everyday functions ATP +

10. Four classes of Organic Molecules (Macromolecules) • Carbohydrates • Lipids • Proteins 4.Nucleic Acids

11. Carbohydrates

12. Carbohydratessubunit: monosaccharides (simple sugars) • Also called sugars and starches • To test for the presence of: A. Sugar >Benedict’s Solution B. Starch >Iodine (Lugol’s Solution)

13. Carbohydrates • One unit of sugar (monomer ) monosaccharide • Example: glucose, fructose • Two units of sugar  Disaccharide • Example: sucrose, lactose • Many units of sugars (polymer)  Polysaccharide

14. fructose • Function: to store and release quick energy (but if not used, these are stored as fat) • Composed of carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen in a 1:2:1 ratio (Example: C6H12O6) • Typically end in –ose • (Example: glucose, sucrose, fructose)

15. Examples: • starch • Sugars in plants • potatoes • glycogen • energy storage in animals • Makes muscle meat dark • cellulose • Found in plant cell walls • Animals cannot digest • chitin • Found in insect exoskeltons • Glucose • Simple sugar essential for life processes

16. enzyme enzyme Digesting starch vs. cellulose starcheasy todigest cellulosehard todigest

17. Cellulose • Found in the Cell walls in plants • herbivores can digest cellulose well • most carnivores cannot digest cellulose • that’s why they eat meatto get their energy & nutrients • cellulose = roughage • stays undigested • keeps material moving in your intestines

18. Different Diets of Herbivores Cow can digest cellulose well; no need to eat other sugars Gorilla can’t digest cellulose well; must add another sugar source, like fruit to diet

19. Helpful bacteria • How can cows digest cellulose so well? • BACTERIA live in their stomachs & help digest cellulose-rich (grass) meals Eeeew…Chewingcud?

20. Macromolecule: Lipid 2.Lipid(Fat) -Elements: C, H, O -Shape: Letter E -Function: a) long term ENERGY storage b) insulation (think about whale blubber) c) makes up cell membranes d) cushions organs -Monomer“subunit”: Fatty Acids -Test: Brown paper bag -Examples: Oils (potatoes chips), Fats, Waxes, Steroids & Phospholipids Glycerol (backbone) 3 Fatty acids

21. Types of Lipids (Fats){lipids are not soluble in water) • Saturated • bonds in molecule are unbendable; tend to clog arteries; typically from animals (fats, butter, lard) • Unsaturated • some bonds in molecule bend; better, but can still clog arteries; typically from plants (oils)

22. Molecular Structure of FatNot a chain/polymer= just a “big fat molecule” Fatty acid Glycerol

23. Exit Ticket • (Carbohydrates/lipids) are quick energy source. • (Carbohydrates/lipids) are long term energy storage. • Cell wall is made up of ______________, which is a carbohydrate and some animals cannot digest it. • Monomer “subunit” of lipid: ________ ______ . • Cell membranes are made out of _____________.

24. Proteins greatmusclebuildingworkouts.info

25. 3. Protein(Polypeptides) -Elements: C, H, O, N -Shape: -Function: (many functions) a) Speed up chemical reactions (Enzymes) b) Growth and Repair c) Homeostasis Regulation (hormones and enzymes) d) Movement, regulation, and structure -Monomer“subunit”: Amino Acids (Amino Acids are held together by a peptide bond) -Name end in “-in” or “-ase” Amino Acid Group Peptide Bond Amino Acids

26. Examples of Proteins: • muscle • Enzymes • Insulin • Hormone that controls blood sugar levels • Hemoglobin • Oxygen-carrying part of blood cell • Keratin • Found in hair and nails • pepsin • digestive enzyme in stomach gomuscles.net www.bottlebooks.com listsoplenty.com

27. H | —C— | H amino acid amino acid amino acid amino acid amino acid – – – – C—OH —N— O H || Proteins amino acids • Building block = (20 different amino acids) There are20 of us… like 20 differentletters in analphabet…Can make lots of differentwords variable group

28. Its shape that matters! • Proteins do their jobs, because of their shape • Different shape = different job • Unfolding a protein destroys its shape • wrong shape = can’t do its job • unfolding proteins = “denature” • temperature • pH (acidity) unfolded“denatured” folded

29. Test Indicators • Carbohydrates – • Sugar - Benedicts Solution • Solution will turn from blue to red-brown. • Starch – Iodine (IKI) • Solution will turn from yellow to black. • Lipids – Brown Paper Test • Paper will have a “greasy” spot. • Proteins – Biuret Test • Solution will turn violet. Lab: Indicators

30. 4. Nucleic Acid (nucleotide) -Elements: C,H,O,P,N -Shape: -Function: -stores/transfers genetic information -directions for making proteins (protein synthesis------DNA>RNA>Protein) -Monomer“subunit”: Nucleotides -Examples: 1) DNA: Genetic information; directions for making proteins 2) RNA: Assists in protein building Phosphate Nitrogen Base Sugar Rectangle Circle Pentagon

31. Exit Ticket • The four organic molecules are? • List 5 examples of proteins. • Monomer “subunit” of Proteins: ______________. • There are ___ different amino acids. • Monomer “subunit” of Nucleic Acid: __________. • What is the function of Nucleic Acids?

32. Color that Biomolecule • Instructions: For each of the biomolecules, color the characteristics that best describes it the same color. Your chart should only have four different colors. Do not color the headings.

33. Test Indicator • Instructions: For each of the biomolecules below, name the test indicator and describe what a positive test result will look like.

34. ENZYMES

35. Enzymes belong under the Organic Compound group of PROTEINS Enzymes are proteins that speed up chemical reactions---they are called a catalyst They are necessary for all biochemical reactions (metabolism) Enzymes are reusable ENZYMES

36. Enzymes are substrate specific based on shape---”lock and key fit” Active Site = where substrate and enzyme bind Lock and Key Hypothesis

37. Example: Lock and Key Hypothesis Enzymes remain UNCHANGED during chemical reactions and are REUSABLE!! Monosaccharide Maltose Maltase

38. ENZYMES • Enzymes are used in synthesis (to make/put together) or decomposition (to destroy/break down) of molecules.

39. Enzymes and Organic Compounds • Enzymes end in “–ase” EXAMPLES: SUBSTRATE + ENZYME = Product -Amylose……..……. Amylase….. Monosaccharide “Carbohydrate” -Protein…………… Protease….. Amino Acid “Protein” -Lipid………………... Lipase……… Fatty Acids “Lipid”

40. Denatured Enzymes Once the Enzyme shaped is DENATURED(destroy/change) -IT WILL NO LONGER FUNCTION -The Protein can begin to unwind substrate + heat Denatured Enzyme Enzyme

41. Factors that AFFECT Enzymes 1) Temperature -Too Hot will DENATURE the Enzyme -Too Cold will SLOW DOWN the Enzyme

42. Factors that AFFECT Enzymes 2) pH “IF PH IS TOO HIGH OR TOO LOW FOR THE ENZYME THE ACTIVITY OF ENZYME WILL DECREASE or become DENATURED”

43. Factors that AFFECT Enzymes 3) Concentration of Enzyme/Substrate -If there are more Enzymes then Substrates, the reaction will increase in activity (go faster) -If there are more Substrates then Enzymes, the reaction will decrease in activity (go slower)

44. SHAPE! For enzymes…What matters?

45. Exit Ticket • Enzymes belong under the organic compound group of _______________. • Explain the lock and key hypothesis. • Once the Enzyme shape is Denatured it will (no longer/always) function. • What are the three factors that affect enzymes? • For enzymes, what matters?