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Understanding Mutations and Inheritance

Explore the world of mutations, their impact on genes and chromosomes, and how they are inherited. Learn about different types of mutations and their effects on organisms. Understand how mutations occur and their consequences in DNA and RNA. Discover examples of favorable and unfavorable mutations.

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Understanding Mutations and Inheritance

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  1. Mutations

  2. Mutation: A random change in a gene or chromosome that may/may not result in a new trait or characteristic that may/may not be inherited.

  3. Mutations and Inheritance • If a mutation occurs in a somatic cell ( a body cell other than a sex cell), then a new trait may/may not arise in an individual (depends on where the change in genetic material takes place) The mutation in the genetic material will not be passed on to the next generation of offspring

  4. Mutations and Inheritance…Continued • If a mutation occurs in a gametic cell/gamete, (egg and sperm) and then the mutated sex cell fertilized. The mutation in the genetic material will be passed on to the next generation of offspring.

  5. Mutations • Change the structure of a chromosome • multiple genes on each chromosome • Occur during DNA replication or mRNA transcription

  6. Chromosomal Mutations • A change involving long segments of DNA or RNA

  7. Chromosomal Mutations • Insertion: Extra DNA, RNA or specific nucleotides are placed in the sequence • Original: The fat cat ate the wee rat. • Insertion: The fat cat ate the wee black rat.

  8. Chromosomal Mutations • Deletion: Some DNA, RNA, or specific nucleotides are missing from a sequence • Original: The fat cat ate the wee rat. • Deletions: The fat ate the wee rat.

  9. Chromosomal Mutations • Duplications: A second copy of DNA, RNA, or specific nucleotides appear in the middle of a sequence. • Original: The fat cat ate the wee rat. • Duplication: The fat fat cat ate the wee rat.

  10. Chromosomal Mutations • Translocation: A piece of one sequence moves to another sequence. • Original:The fat cat ate the wee rat. • Translocation:The fat dog fat cat ate the wee rat.

  11. Gene Mutations • A change involving single nucleotides

  12. Point Mutation: One single base pair is changed Original: The fat cat ate the wee rat. Point Mutation: The fat hat ate the wee rat. Gene Mutations

  13. Gene Mutation Continued • Frame Shift Mutations: Mutations that change how a DNA or RNA strand is read Original: The fat cat ate the wee rat. Frameshift (addition): The fat cat ate tth ewe era t. Frameshift (deletion): The fat cat ate tew eer at.

  14. Homeotic Mutations:A mutation that causes an organism to develop one body part in place of another

  15. How do mutations happen? • Copying mistakes • Mutagens: chemical/ physical agents that cause mutations in DNA or RNA • UV radiation • Asbestos • Cigarette smoke

  16. Favorable or Not? • Sometimes Favorable • Resistance to malaria • Resistance to HIV • Antibiotic resistance • Better coloring to fit the environment (peppered moth)

  17. Favorable or Not? • Sometimes Not Favorable • Death • Sickle Cell Anemia (Substitution) • Cancer • Huntington’s Disease • Deformity (extra set of wings on a fly)

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