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Crops, Cellphones and T-Cells: Technology Change for Livelihood Security in Sub Saharan Africa

Study questions. How are African communities affected by HIV and AIDS actually responding through the adoption, adaptation, innovation of technologies to enhance their livelihood security? How do development policies of governmental and non-governmental actors facilitate and/or hinder community-bas

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Crops, Cellphones and T-Cells: Technology Change for Livelihood Security in Sub Saharan Africa

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    1. Crops, Cellphones and T-Cells: Technology Change for Livelihood Security in Sub Saharan Africa

    2. Study questions How are African communities affected by HIV and AIDS actually responding through the adoption, adaptation, innovation of technologies to enhance their livelihood security? How do development policies of governmental and non-governmental actors facilitate and/or hinder community-based technology innovation for livelihood security? Funded by the John D and Catherine T. MacArthur Foundation

    3. Technology change ?? HIV/AIDS

    4. Livelihoods and AIDS mitigation Infection, chronic illness, death = loss of Labor, knowledge Remittances, wages Assets

    7. Mixed methods Mapping, Timelines, Participant observation, in-depth interviews, focus group discussion, key informant interviews Agency reports, email, field reports of technology changes Secondary data on farm production, wage work, sugar industry, HlV/AIDS surveillance, IEC, VCT, HBC, ART programs

    8. Findings from field research Western Province, Kenya High prevalence, generalized epidemic Lake Victoria, fishing, TZ/UG borders, truck routes, sugar industry, history of mobility, wage work

    12. Policy implication (1) Tsetse fly & trypanosomiasis control will help mitigate AIDS Conservation policies (Ruma National Park) conflict with human and livestock health Traps removed, bush cover (habitat) remains

    14. Kakichumma Village Population 2005 ~ 350 households, ~2800 HIV/AIDS Arrived in 1991, widespread about 30% directly affected, others indirectly Poverty: thatch roofs, no hoe, no blankets Remote: no bus, phone, electricity, extension services, official visits One NGO (ACE) active, some HBC training Health center: 5 miles away (foot); hospital (ART) in Bungoma town

    16. Changes in Gardens w/ HIV / AIDS concerns Plants Diversity of herbs, shrubs, grasses, trees, tubers, legumes knowledge intensive (traditional and modern) Techniques Pile vs. pit composting, intercropping, terracing Conservation agriculture Permaculture, organic

    17. Use Hand Tools Hoes (jembes) Machete/pangas maybe shovels, pickaxe, occasional ox-plow Storage, Processing, Cooking Non-chemical preservation Nutritional Supplements ? IGA Seed bulking & banks

    18. New “adopters” and innovators chronically ill, HIV +, orphans and vulnerable children, caregivers New uses social support, nutrition social structures & norms community organization for land, labor, distribution School clubs

    19. Hybrid Systems responding to HIV & AIDS New combinations Neglected indigenous leafy vegetables and new “ProvitA” enriched sweet potato For staple food, micronutrients, income-generation range of HIV & AIDS-affected

    20. Constraints to rural garden technology change (the right) Seeds and Planting Material in short supply Water: In the wrong place, wrong time Tools: inadequate, worn, lacking Technical information scarce Labor & time

    21. “Appropriate technology” to combat HIV and AIDS is wide-ranging Not only “labor-saving” –often capital intensive (animal traction) more intelligent use of labor, more productive, multi-purpose outputs hoes + cellphones, drip irrigation + HAART Drudgery reduction, home based care

    23. Diffusion & Adaptation Social Networks NGOS like ACE ? trainees, friends, opinion leaders, neighbors Mobility & Remittances ? cash, ideas infusion Constant adaptation, rejection, recombination Constant recovery of old, and infusion of new Rural innovations abound Development, globalization, HIV/AIDS all bring challenges and opportunities Information, better nutrition, Anti-retroviral therapy Polarization and intensification of poverty material goods, labor, cash, land, hope

    24. further conclusions HIV/AIDS in generalized rural epidemic: everyone is affected through networks and interconnections Cumulative burden over time, prevention not enough Eager to talk and learn Household-level “AIDS affected” measures used in studies are inadequate “chronically ill” , “presence of orphans” Cumulative effects, missing, dissolved need to view community as a whole over time

    25. Policy implication (2)

    26. Acknowledgements Action in the Community environment (ACE Africa), Bungoma Animal Draft Power Programme (ADPP), Homa Bay Residents of Nyapuodi Village Residents of Kakichumma Village Paul Harvey, co-investigator, ODI

    27. Resources: HIV/AIDS, food and livelihoods International Food Policy Research Institute www.ifpri.org FANTAproject.org (nutrition) Food and Agriculture Organization www.fao.org/hivaids

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