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Napoleon’s France

Napoleon’s France. Before Napoleon. By 1794, the Committee of Public Safety had killed over 250,000 “disloyal” French nobles, priests, and peasants. The CPS quickly lost support because of their violent nature during the Reign of Terror .

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Napoleon’s France

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  1. Napoleon’s France

  2. Before Napoleon • By 1794, the Committee of Public Safety had killed over 250,000 “disloyal” French nobles, priests, and peasants. • The CPS quickly lost support because of their violent nature during the Reign of Terror. • Most members of the CPS were eventually killed by other members.

  3. The Thermidorian Reaction (1794-5) • A group of moderates known as the Thermidorians arrested the remaining CPS members and executed their leader, Robespierre. • However, the Thermidorians also began to wildly execute their enemies. This period is known as the “White Terror.”

  4. The Marseilles 1st VERSE Arise children of the fatherland  The day of glory has arrived  Against us tyranny's  Bloody standard is raised (x2)  Can you hear in the fields  The howling of these fearsome soldiers?  They are coming into our midst  To cut the throats of your sons and consorts!  REFRAIN To arms, citizens,  Form in battalions,  March, march!  Let impure blood  Water our furrows! 2nd VERSEWhat do they want this horde of slaves  Of traitors and conspiratorial kings?  For whom these vile chains  These long-prepared irons? (x2)  Frenchmen, for us, ah! What outrage  What methods must be taken?  It is we they dare plan  To return to the old slavery! 4th VERSETremble, tyrants and traitors  The shame of all good men  Tremble! Your parricidal schemes  Will finally receive their just reward (x2)  Against you, everyone is a soldier,  If they fall, our young heros,  France will bear new ones  Ready to join the fight against you! 

  5. 1795-1799: The Directory • What remained of the French congress drafted a new constitution in 1795, establishing a new government called the Directory. • The violence of the revolution finally slowed down. Though there were still minor riots and attacks on the government, these attacks were put down by the military. LizareCarnot was both a Brilliant General and one of the five Directors.

  6. 1795-1799: The Directory • The Directory was a committee of five men called “Directors.” Each man led the government for one year. • The Directory also had two legislative councils – one of elected officials and a council of ancients. • The Directory ruled for five years, but struggling to survive attacks from both radicals and royalists.

  7. The Rise of Napoleon • France had sent its armies across Europe and the Middle East in the 1790’s to free the world from kings. • In 1795, Napoleon Bonaparte saved the Directory by killing a mob with “… a whiff of grapeshot” from his cannons. • From then to 1799, Napoleon rose through the French army and proved himself a military genius.

  8. Napoleon Bonaparte’sBackground • 1769: Born on the island of Corsica to an aristocratic family. • 1779-85: Schooled at a military academy in France in his youth. • 1785-93: Rapidly advanced through the French army during the Revolution as an artilleryman. • 1793: Hero of the Battle of Toulon. • 1795: Stationed in Paris where he saved the Directory.

  9. Letter to Father from SchoolAge 9 "My father, if you or my protectors cannot give me the means of sustaining myself more honorably in the house where I am, please let me return home as soon as possible.  I am tired of poverty and of the jeers of insolent scholars who are superior to me only in their fortune, for there is not one among them who feels one hundredth part of the noble sentiment which animates me.  Must your son, sir, continually be the butt of these boobies, who, vain of the luxuries which they enjoy, insult me by their laughter at the privations which I am forced to endure?  No, father, no!  If fortune refuses to smile upon me, take me from Brienne, and make me, if you will, a mechanic.  From these words you may judge of my despair. This letter, sir, please believe, is not dictated by a vain desire to enjoy extravagant amusements.  I have no such wish. I feel simply that it is necessary to show my companions that I can procure them as well as they, if I wish to do so.”      "Your respectful and affectionate son, "Bonaparte."

  10. From Military to Politics • 1796: Revived the battered French army in Italy and led them to victory. • 1798: Sent to Egypt and Syria, where he won heated battles, but his army nonetheless suffered in desert conditions. • 1799: Ignored orders from the Directory and returned to France to join in the Brumaire Coup over the government.

  11. The Brumaire Coup Ends the Revolution • By 1799, the Directory seemed to be falling apart. • Director Abbey Sieyès decided to overthrow the government with the help of a general and form a new government. • Unfortunately for Sieyès, he chose Napoleon to help him.

  12. The Consulate (1799-1804) • After a decade of revolution, the French were willing to accept less freedom in exchange for a stable government. • Napoleon replaced the Directory with a new government called the Consulate and became the First Consul– making him the head of the military and the government. • In short, Napoleon became a dictator in all but name. • Bonaparte’s popularity continued to soar despite the fact that he had betrayed the revolution and ended the French Republic.

  13. Bonaparte’s Rise to Power • Napoleon continued to put fear in the monarchs of Europe with his military victories. • In France, he quietly eliminated his opponents and competitors. By 1801, fighting within France had completely ended. The French were at peace with themselves for the first time in 12 years. • In 1802 he was voted “Consul for Life” and in 1804 he declared himself Emperor of France. Le Revolution est fin!

  14. Napoleonic Politics • Bonaparte created a new set of laws called Napoleonic Code to return France to peace. This code is still used in some parts of Europe today! • Napoleon began theContinental System, which restricted trade outside continental Europe and badly hurt the British economy. • He then formed an alliance with Austria by marrying the Emperor’s daughter.

  15. The Coalitions • It soon became apparent that the rest of Europe was no match for the French. • Led by Great Britain, nations such as Prussia, Russia, Austria and Portugal formed coalitions to fight the French and restore a king to France Napoleon fought and destroyed six coalition armies over 11 years in Italy (1796), Egypt (1798), Switzerland (1802), Austria (1804), Prussia (1806) and Spain (1807).

  16. The Empire • At his most powerful in 1812, Napoleon had direct or indirect control over all of Europe except the Balkans, Portugal, Sweden and Great Britain. He used puppet states as launching pads for new attacks and for recruiting new soldiers.

  17. How did he Dominate his Enemies? • The French had already made great military developments before Napoleon came along. • They created the Division– A military force with cavalry, artillery and infantry. • The Republic had also ordered a Levee en masse to make sure that every French person helped in the war effort. This led the French army to grow to 600,000 soldiers. • The French army also used a maneuver called Ordre de Mixte to shift quickly from marching in a column fighting in a row.

  18. Napoleon’s Key Developments • Napoleon reorganized his divisions to make them even more effective. His military academies promoted the most intelligent officers and he brought a general staff with him to help plan his battles. • Napoleon had his troops eat on the run instead of carrying extra weight that would slow the army. • Finally, he was a brilliant strategist that could quickly analyze battlefields. He had a magnetic personality and his soldiers were absolutely loyal to him.

  19. Napoleonic Developments • First man to popularize the sideways hat.

  20. La Surge de le Centre • First Napoleon concentrated artillery near the center of the enemy line to divide it. • Ex: Austerlitz

  21. The Pinning Force • Once divided, he left a division to pin the smaller body of the enemy’s forces away from the rest. This allowed the greater part of his military to overpower the main army of the enemy.

  22. Maneuvre Sur Le Derriere • The ultimate goal of Napoleon’s Military; to completely surround the enemy and force a surrender or slaughter. • Ex: Jena-Alstadt

  23. Clean Up • Having defeated the main army, Napoleon’s main force hurried to relieve the pinning force and finish off the enemy.

  24. What Went Wrong • Europe finally began to learn its lesson and adopt Napoleon’s methods after 1810. • The Duke of Wellington, a British general, led a long resistance against the French in Spain that killed many of Napoleon’s best soldiers. • Finally, Napoleon craved more territory and power, he could not bring himself to stop fighting.

  25. The Russian Campaign Brings Defeat • Bonaparte sent his grand army to conquer Russia; the French captured and burned Moscow in the 1812, but were forced to retreat when a deadly winter set in. • Defeated at Leipzig during his retreat, Napoleon was captured and exiled to the Italian island of Elba. • Napoleon escaped back to France in 1815 for 100 days, but was defeated at Waterloo by coalition forces. • He died of stomach complications on St. Helena years later.

  26. The Congress of Vienna (1815) • With Napoleon defeated, the rulers of Europe met and made agreements to return the continent to its old ways. • Germany was kept divided. • The French Empire was broken up and Louis XVI’s brother became the new King of France. • Land was spread among countries, but a balance of power was attempted to prevent devastating wars in the future.

  27. Exit Slip List as many similarities as you can between the American and French Revolutions. List as many differences as you can between the American and French Revolutions. Why do you think that the American and the French Revolutions ended with such different results?

  28. Resources • Pictures: • Opening slide:http://keizai.yokkaichi-u.ac.jp/~lee/seiyo_keizai_shi_image/french_revolution/06_french_revolution.jpg • Bowling Cartoon:http://eklektik2.free.fr/jeu%20de%20guillotine.jpg • Liberty, Equality, Fraternity www.alaskacoinexchange.com/Stamps%205%20Up/45c%20French%20Revolution.jpg • Tennis Court Oath http://college.hmco.com/history/west/mosaic/chapter12/images/tennis_court_oath.jpg

  29. Resources Continued • Pictures: • Causes: http://flatrock.org.nz/topics/history/assets/french_revolution.gif • Sieyes: www.harvardmagazine.com/lib/03ma/images/w-david-sieyes.jpg • Richelieu: www.wga.hu/art/c/champaig/richeli.jpg • Louis XVI: www.wga.hu/art/c/callet/louis_16.jpg • Louis XIV: www.visitvoltaire.com/images/louis14aftrigaud_1638-1715lrg36k.jpg • The Marquis De Lafayette: www.pbs.org/wnet/historyofus/web02/images/img_intro.jpg • Louis XV: www.visitvoltaire.com/images/louis15by_de_la_tour1748.jpg • Mirabeau: Http://libweb.princeton.edu/libraries/firestone/rbsc/aids/C0770/ex30.jpg • Louis at Varennes: www.chd.univ-rennes1.fr/Icono/Pelletan/03%20Louis%2016%20a%20Varennes%20p%20012.jpg

  30. Resources Continued • Country Revolt: http://encyclopedia.laborlawtalk.com-/wiki/images-/thumb/c/c2/350px-Taking_of_the_Bastille.jpg • Leopold: www.answers.com/topic/leopold-ii-holy-roman-e... • Execution: academic.brooklyn.cuny.edu/.../portrait.htm • Robespierre: academic.brooklyn.cuny.edu/.../portrait.htm • Guillotine: http://www.walledlake.k12.mi.us/wlchs/teachers/Samal/ whist/student/guillotine.jpg • Carnot: http://www.napoleon-series.org/images/research/-frenchgenerals/carnot.JPG • Napoleon: http://www.biografiasyvidas.com/monografia/napoleon-/fotos/napoleon_emperador.jpg • Map: www.saburchill.com/history/chapters/empires/images/0065.jpg • Louis XVIII: http://www.noosfere.net/Ligny/louisXVIII.jpg

  31. Resources • Pictures: • “Napoleon Crossing the Alps”, David. From http://academic.brooklyn.cuny.edu/history/core/pics/0253/img0048.jpg • Emporer Napoleon from http://www.biografiasyvidas.com • Napoleon Caricature: www.opdebeeck.com/afbeeldingen/karikatuurschetsen/large/napoleon.jpg • Young Napoleon from: http://hsci.cas.ou.edu/images/jpg-100dpi-10in/18thCentury/Napoleon/Portraits/Napoleon-Young.jpg • Napoleon on Campaign: http://www.directart.co.uk/mall/images/dhm056.jpg • Napoleon in Egypt: www.fineart-china.com/admin/images/Jean%20Leon%20Gerome28.jpg • Roman Napoleon: www.aoc.gov/images/napoleon.jpg • Coronation: www.suevematsu.com/napoleon1.jpg • Map: www.theotherside.co.uk/tm-heritage/images/map-nap-war1812.gif • Map 2: www.saburchill.com/history/chapters/empires/images/0065.jpg • Music: • The Marseilles, from http://www.marseillaise.org/english/audio.html • Letter: • To Father: http://history-world.org/Napoleon.htm

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