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Rise and fall of structure formation in the Universe

4 th Sakharov Conference on Physics , 19 May 2009. Rise and fall of structure formation in the Universe. V.N. Lukash Astro Space Centre of Lebedev Institute Co: E.V. Mikheeva, V.N. Strokov. Astronomy vs physics Early and late Universe Geometry & Structure Dark energy .

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Rise and fall of structure formation in the Universe

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  1. 4th Sakharov Conference on Physics, 19May 2009 Rise and fall of structure formation in the Universe V.N. Lukash Astro Space Centre of Lebedev Institute Co: E.V. Mikheeva, V.N. Strokov

  2. Astronomy vs physics • Early and late Universe • Geometry & Structure • Dark energy

  3. Identification problem OBSERVATION→THEORY 2 Initial conditions development conditions ? Physicists need experiment to judge things!

  4. Astronomers see structuresunknown to physicists

  5. DM non interacted with radiation however light is where DM

  6. Simulations confirm the result

  7. What we see is structure created from initial conditions + evolutionobservational separation of the early and late Universe no model theory of origin of initial conditions the modelno theory of origin of matter geometry composition

  8. Early Universe • Small density perturbations • Linear Gaussian field • Near scale-invariant spectrum (nS=0.96) • Gravitational waves (T/S < 0.1) • Theory of initial conditions no model of the early Universe

  9. Late Universe • Hubble constant h = 0.7 • CMBR T = 2.725 K • Eucleadian space = 1 • Baryons b= 0.5 • CDM cdm= 0.23 • DE dm= 0.72 • Theory of structure formation no theory of matter origin

  10. Geometry of the Universe • zero orderHubble outflows • first order S-mode(density perturbations) T-mode(gravitational waves) V-mode (vortex perturbations) Cosmological model in four functions currently we know only two of them

  11. Zero order geometry

  12. lesson 1:large Universe Since the very beginning ( ) the physicalsize of the Universe exceeded Planck scale1030times This big factor can be explained by existence of preceding short stage of inflation -- BBI ( )

  13. Evolution of scale factor BBI RD MD DE

  14. Formation of the Universe isformation of Hubble outflows Formation of the structure isdestructionof Hubble outflows

  15. lesson 2:acausality BBI is needed to explain acausality

  16. lesson 3:structure argument Ωm=ρm/ ρс < 0.3→ open model? Contrarguments – inflation, age, curvature CMB anisotropy - flat 3-geometry More than 70% of energy of the Universe stays unclustered→ p ≈ -ρ(dark energy) Other arguments – galactic peculiar velocities, lensingX-ray gas in clusters , rotational velocities , SN ,ISW

  17. Dark energy –weakly interacting physical essence permeatingspace of visible Unuverse DE– key element of standard model Superweak field ? No principle difference with inflaton E ~ 10-3eV ( forρE= E4 ) New energy scale ? Coincidence problem:ρb ρMρE

  18. Scales of fundamental interactions 1 GeVstrong 100 GeVelectroweak 1019GeV gravitational

  19. Existence of LSS is a keypoint forthecoincidence problem -window of gravitational instability(+ initial amplitude of perturbations ) - condition for formation of starts DE ceases structure formation and restores Hubble outflows

  20. Question: where is DM? Visible:* stars and gas in galaxies * gas in clusters (Т~ keV ) Dark baryons: * intergalactic gas (Т~ 0.01 keV) * MACHO (BH, NS, WD, BD, jupiters)→ < 20% of halo mass in moon-star MACHOs → > 80% of halo mass in non-baryon particles

  21. * large velocity dispersion in clusters (1930) * flat rotation curves in spirals (1970) * galaxy clusters’ masses determined (1980)  X-ray gas (Т~keV)  gravitational lenses DM (non-baryonic):

  22. Answer:non-baryonic DM is in gravitationally bound systems weakly interactingparticles do not dissipate as baryons Baryons cool down radiationally and reside in centers of dark matter halos getting rotational equilibrium DM remains assembling around the visible matter at scale ~ 200 кpc mass of the Local Group ~ 2·1012 М (half is in Milky Way and Andromeda)

  23. No such particles in standard model ! + particles responsible for interactions , W, Z, gluons

  24. Hypothesesof non-baryonic DM

  25. Message from the early Universe DM mysteryis related to baryonic asymmetry

  26. lesson 4:superweak fields *for 14 Gyr-two inflationary stages * there could be more than two, same causes *simple causeof inflation --weak massive field *inflation creates and restores Hubble outflows History of the Universe is the history of origin and decayof massive fields

  27. First order geometry S→ seeds for LSS structure (galaxies, clusters, voids..) S+T+V→ imprinted in CMB structure (anisotropyand polarization)

  28. S+T+V

  29. only S Tegmark, Zaldarriaga 2002

  30. We live in the Universe with small T&V All values (T+V)/S> 0.1 are excluded as in this case amplitude of S-mode is insufficient for the formation of the structure T+S+V=10-10 fixed by CMB

  31. Origin of cosmological perturbationsquantum gravitational creation of massless fields under the action of non-stationary intensive gravity (external coupling), seeds – quantum fluctuations • Creation of matter (Grib, Starobinsky…1970s) • Generation of Т-mode (Grishchuk 1974) • Generation ofS-mode (V N L 1980)

  32. Generation of TandSmodes in Friedmann cosmology is a quantum-mechanical problem of elementary oscillatorsqk() [=а/k,= k]in the Minkowski space-time in the external parametric field =(), =∫dt/a

  33. - transverse-traceless component of gravitational field - gauge-invariant superposition of longitudinal gravitational potential and the velocity potential of matter multiplied by the Hubble parameter

  34. Evolution of elementary oscillators adiabatic zone parametric zone creationmoment

  35. Phase information: only growing mode of perturbations is created growing mode decaying mode vacuum: after creation: first peak:

  36. we see the sound ! In the beginning was sound and sound was of Big Bang

  37. Theory of the early Universe • Hubble radius at creation moment of • perturbation of wavelength=а/k →energy scale ofBВ = - dynamics →physical model of BBI

  38. Universal result Big Bang = Inflation ( < 1)

  39. Power-law inflation on massive field: the amplitude of T-mode is only five times less than amplitude of S-mode Detection is possible !

  40. How to measure dark Energy?

  41. cn(n = 0,1,2,…) – physical parameters of DE currently all |cn| < 0.1 Precise statistical measurements of any cosmological parametersas function ofz

  42. Three ways to measure DE Structural Dynamical Geomertrical Connection to RadioAstron

  43. Structure not entering the structure DE affects crucially the rate of its formation measure DE by weighting the structure with redshift

  44. Structural argument: DE discovering Still using non-linear systems leads to non-control systematics Just use quasilinear systems: Gravitational potential, Peculiar velocities, Acoustic oscillations Example: CMB

  45. Evolution of Hubble and peculiar velocities

  46. LSS formation proceeds from 1 to22 Gyrs since Big Bang We live at period of maximum LSS formation in the Universe Use this chance: measure DE by weighting the structure with redshift

  47. Nearest galaxies Radial velocity Distance [Mpc] eigen values Hik= diag (81, 62, 48)km/c/Mpc

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