Exploring the irrigation potential in peri -urban landscapes Olufunke Cofie &

1. Exploring the irrigation potential in peri-urban landscapes Olufunke Cofie & Priyanie Amerasinghe Presentation at the SRP Irrigation Workshop ILRI, Addis Ababa. 24 May, 2012

2. This Session

3. The Rural – Urban Continuum Adapted from Satterthwaite and Tacoli (2003) and De Zeew (2010)

4. Features of peri-urban landscape • Pressure on available land and water resources • Constantly changing environment • Large concentration of low to middle income earners • Often used as dump sites for urban wastes • Receives storm and waste water from the city

5. Drivers of Change in PU Landscape Urban development Demographic pressure Marketforces Political factors Climate Variability

6. SOCIAL ENVIRONMENTAL Multi-functional • Recreational services • Receives/ use Urban Wastes • Reduction of Urban Ecological Footprint • Improved Micro-climate • Biodiversity • Building Social Capital • • Poverty Alleviation • • Social Inclusion • • Community Building • • Social Safety Net • Food Security & Nutrition Market oriented agriculture • Income Generation • Employment Generation • Enterprise Development • Value chain development PU landscape serves many functions ECONOMIC

7. Source: http://www.ifpindia.org/Indiapolis-Workshop-Urbanization-in-India,999.html

8. Trend of urbanization in Ashaiman, Ghana (Forkor et al, 2010)

9. 2. Potentials of PU for Irrigation Several past studies on the potential of UPA: • CGIAR Urban Harvest • FAO Food for cities • RUAF • SWITCH • URAdapt • SCOPE • IDRC’s Cities Feeding People • UN-Habitat • ARI, Universities Generally, all focused on ‘spot’ studies of urban agriculture and the immediate fringes; not much work on the PU landscape as a system

10. What do we know? Freetown Timbuktu

11. Roof Top Gardening, Darkar Cagayan de Oro, Philippines CommunityBasedAllotmentGardens -; Institutional gardens with/without rain water harvesting Kwazulu Natal, South Africa

12. Food Provided by UPA Source: Compiled from various sources by Cofie et al. 2003

13. Significance for poverty alleviation Monthly net income from mixed vegetable farming in selected cities in W. Africa Source: Danso et al 2003

14. Significance of UA for Family Livelihood Support Sources: Moustier (2000), IWMI (2001)

16. Water Lifting & Storage Kumasi Lome

17. 48% 52% Food flows in and out of Kumasi, Ghana Peri-urban Kumasi KMA Peak season (PS) 57% Lean season (LS) 88% PS 7% LS 4% Food items to Markets PS 36% LS 12% Markets to Households From markets out of city Rural areas

18. Beijing Lodz Hamburg Birmingham Accra Zaragoza Chong Qing Alexandria Tel Aviv Belo Horizonte BLUE-GREEN network, eco-hydrology Rainwater harvesting, urban agriculture Urban design Leak reduction Different cities, different paths to water sustainability Strategic planning, urinerecycling River restoration, Sustainable dev. Greywater recycling Slum beautification, urban agriculture Cali Lima Sustainable drainage Natural treatment, water/city planning Water conservation, strategic plans Brown roofs

19. Use of Musi River, Hydrabad • Adaptation to quality • Adaptation to demands Urban Peri-urban Rural 40 Km Para grass Vegetables Paddy Rice Livestock

20. +40 Km Hyderabad Water Quality in the Musi River

21. Irrigated agriculture in Hyderabad (QuickBirdsatellite image, 2006) City of Hyderabad Periurban zone 1562 HH (6808) 27 km stretch of Musi River Rural zone 1109 HH (5081) Amberpet to Pillaipally PHA Sept 2008

23. For the Peri-urban landscape Problems are becoming more complex Solutions need to be more holistic with new integrated scientific approaches, new paradigms More demand-driven R4D outcome-oriented approach Emphasis on partnerships and collective action Need to develop a range of scientific, technological and socio-economic and institutional solutions suited to the changing context of the landscape

24. Key Questions - 1 • understanding of the dynamics of transformative processes and pressures that is exerted on the peri-urban landscapes with reference to water availability, water quality, accessibility, storage. and overall potential for irrigation development • assessment of water, land availability and access in the current context and predict future changes based on observed developments in the vicinity - implications for irrigation and associated water investments needs; • assessment of coping mechanisms of people who are engaged in peri-urban farming in the face of development. Understanding how these mechanisms evolve in relation to developmental pressures will inform the kind of irrigation innovations to adapt to the changing environment • innovative irrigation farming practices to cope with the dynamic changes brought on by urban development, environmental changes and also climate change.

25. Key Questions - 2 • What are the administrative and market driven approaches, for water transfers, and competition for irrigation of high value perishable vegetables and other uses. • Will PU areas be the sinks for urban storm water /run-off and become areas of storage? Can we look at the water transfers, water productivity, aquifer recharge potential, ecosystem services, livelihood aspects, economic contribution to cities from the PU areas? • Can we expect an ultimate scenario, where all rural settings acquire PU features? • Some mapping and modeling to see the water hydrology and cropping patterns in these areas?

26. Key Questions - 3 • Can we have positive food balance despite urbanisation? If so, how? What is the scope for agriculture in controlled environments like greenhouses in Periurban areas? • Can there be sets of greenhouses using water from harvested urban roofwater /runoff to produce ornamentals and fruits? Can we get major agri-businesses to explore this idea? • What is the potential for conjunctive use of urban waste water and ground water in periurban areas?

27. Possible Research Topics

28. Thanks for your attention Questions, Comments, Clarifications???

29. SCENARIO IN 2012 SCENARIO IN 2030 RURAL PERI-URBAN AREA Resources Green growth CITY