1 / 15

Ischemic Heart Disease

Ischemic Heart Disease. Group of diseases Most common cause of death in developed countries Terminology: Angina pectoris Myocardial infarction Sudden cardiac death Chronic ischemic heart disease Coronary artery disease Acute coronary disease. Ischemic Heart Disease.

galya
Download Presentation

Ischemic Heart Disease

An Image/Link below is provided (as is) to download presentation Download Policy: Content on the Website is provided to you AS IS for your information and personal use and may not be sold / licensed / shared on other websites without getting consent from its author. Content is provided to you AS IS for your information and personal use only. Download presentation by click this link. While downloading, if for some reason you are not able to download a presentation, the publisher may have deleted the file from their server. During download, if you can't get a presentation, the file might be deleted by the publisher.

E N D

Presentation Transcript


  1. Ischemic Heart Disease • Group of diseases • Most common cause of death in developed countries • Terminology: • Angina pectoris • Myocardial infarction • Sudden cardiac death • Chronic ischemic heart disease • Coronary artery disease • Acute coronary disease

  2. Ischemic Heart Disease • Common in older adults: • >60 in males • >70 in females • M>F • Fisk factors: hypertension, Diabetes, smoking, high cholesterol, genetic factors • Factors reducing the risk: regular exercise, alcohol.

  3. Ischemic Heart Disease • Pathogenesis: • Atherosclerosis of coronary arteries • Stenosis (narrowing) of the lumen • Mild, moderate, sever “critical” >75% stenosis • Changes in atheromatous plaques: • Acute plaque change: • fissuring, hemorrhage, rupture with embolism • Usually occurs in moderate stenosis • How does it occur? • Metalloproteinase from macrophages, T-cell activation, hemodynamic trauma

  4. Ischemic Heart Disease • Pathogenesis: • Changes in atheromatous plaques: 2. Coronary artery thrombosis • Complete occlusion resulting in infarction • Incomplete occlusion resulting in unstable angina • Embolization 3. Coronary artery vasospasm • Other pathology: • Emboli from aorta or valves • vasculitis • Severe hypotension • Left ventricular hypertrophy

  5. Angina Pectoris • Intermittent chest pain caused by transient reversible myocardial ischemia • Typical “stable” angina • Episodic chest pain • Crushing sub-sternal • Radiate to left arm • Due to fixed atherosclerotic narrowing • Usually with critical stenosis >75% • Relieved by rest or nitroglycerin

  6. Angina Pectoris • Intermittent chest pain caused by transient reversible myocardial ischemia 2. Prinzmetal (variant) angina: • Occurs at rest, awaken the patient from sleep • Due to coronary artery spasm 3. Unstable angina: • Increase in frequency of angina • With less and less exercise • Last longer • Due to acute changes in atheromatous plaque or thrombosis

  7. Myocardial Infarction • Myocardial necrosis caused by local ischemia • In the US 1.5 million cases with 500,000 deaths per year • Age group 45-54 year, M:F 4:1

  8. Myocardial Infarction • Pathogenesis: • Coronary artery thrombosis • Necrosis of cardiac muscle after 20-30 minutes of complete occlusion • Necrosis begins in the subendothelial zone • Depends on the vessel involved: • Left anterior descending (40-50%): anterior and apical area of the LV with anterior 2/3rd of septum • Right coronary artery (30-40%): posterior and basal area of the LV, posterior 1/3rd of the septum • Circumflex artery: lateral wall of the LV

  9. Myocardial Infarction • Morphology: • 12 h: no change • 12-18 h: coagulative necrosis • 18-24 h: neutrophils • 3 days: peak of inflammation • If reperfusion occurs it results in hemorrhage • 4-7 days: well-defined pale region, with macrophages, and fibroblasts • 10 days: granulation tissue • 4 weeks: collagen depsition • 8 weeks: scar

  10. Myocardial Infarction • Complications: • Left ventricular failure (60%) • Cardiogenic shock (10%) • Papillary muscle dysfunction/infarction/rupture • Rupture of LV (4-8%) • Mural thrombi (15%) • Ventricular aneurysm • Acute pericarditis

  11. Myocardial Infarction • Clinical: • Sever, crushing sub-sternal chest pain • Radiate to neck, jaw, shoulder and left arm • Last for hours • Dyspnea due to pulmonary edema • If large(>40%) leads to cardiogenic shock • “silent” MI in diabetics and elderly • ECG changes • Elevated CK, troponin, LDH • 25% death due to arrhythmia

  12. Chronic Ischemic Heart Disease • Development of progressive congestive heart failure as a consequence of long-term ischemia • Usually with Moderate-severe coronary artery stenosis • Pervious MI and scarring • Dilated heart

  13. Sudden Cardiac Death • Excluding: homicide, suicide, trauma and toxins • Causes: heart disease, pulmonary embolism, rupture aortic aneurysm, CNS • Ischemic heart disease is the most common cause • Death due to ventricular arrhthmia

More Related